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Advanced Physiology Lab Final Review
Advanced Physiology Lab Final Review UTSA
129
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
04/27/2012

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Term
Electrocardiogram ECG
Definition
transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes
Term
Conduction of the Heart
Definition
1. SA node (pacemaker) initiates impulse in RA

2. AV node, both A contract, slight delay

3. Bundle of His- bundle branches

4. apex of heart-Purkinjie fibers: Ventricular contraction
Term
P wave
Definition
represents the spread of electrical activity over the atria after the initial depolarization of the SA node.
Term
QRS complex
Definition
spread of depolarization through the ventricular musculature plus a small amount of atrial repolarization; occurs simultaneously
Term
T wave
Definition
repolarization of the ventricular
Term
P wave
Definition
spread of electrical activity over the atria after the initial depolarization of the SA node
Term
QRS complex
Definition
spread of depolarization through the ventricular and atrial repolarization
Term
T wave
Definition
repolarization of the ventricular
Term
U wave
Definition
repolarization of the papillary muscles or Purkinje fibers
Term
(inverted) U wave
Definition
hypertension.
Term
inverted U wave after exercise
Definition
coronary artery obstruction.
Term
PR interval
Definition
the beginning of one P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex

beginning of atrial and ventricular depolarization
Term
QT interval
Definition
beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave

ventricular depolarization and repolarization
Term
ST segment
Definition
end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave

early ventricular repolarization is beginning very slowly
Term
Cardiac Cycle
Definition
one complete heartbeat

both atria and ventricles contract and then relax

time from p wave to p wave
Term
Atrioventricular Valves
Definition
Tricuspid Valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Bicuspid (mitral) valve: located between the left atrium and left ventricle
Term
Semilunar valves
Definition
Aortic valve: guards the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta

Pulmonary valve: guards the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Term
Stenosis
Definition
narrowing or stiffening of the heart valves
is resistance to blood flow= heart works harder

hurt murmur
Term
Incompetence
Definition
valves do not close completely

heart works herder, portion of blood regurgitates back

heart murmer
Term
Heart Murmur
Definition
lub,dub,swish

“innocent,” showing no symptoms to mild chest pain

“severe,” showing signs of fatigue, shortness of breath, coughing, irregular heartbeats, or syncopic episodes
Term
Blood Flow
Definition
vena cava>right atrium>tricuspid valve >right ventricle>pulmonary valve>Pulmonary artery>lungs>pulmonary vein>Left atrium >Bicuspid(Mitral)Valve>left ventricle>aortic valve
Term
Mammalian Circulation
Definition
1.Pulmonary
2.Systemic
3.Coronary
4.Fetal/Maternal
Term
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Definition
normal heartbeat; heart rate = 60-100 bpm
Term
Sinus Tachycardia
Definition
fast heartbeat; more QRS complexes seen; heart rate = 100-160 bpm
Term
Sinus Bradycardia
Definition
slow heartbeat; less QRS complexes seen; heart rate = <60 bpm
Term
Atrial Fibrillation
Definition
: atria are very irritable causing them to depolarize, (quiver), rapidly and repeatedly

absence of P waves!!!

Electrical cardioversion is used to restore normal sinus rhythm using defibrillator paddles.
Term
Ventricular Fibrillation
Definition
uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them quiver rather than contract properly

Cyanosis and ischemia develop.
Term
Blood Pressure
Definition
The pressure exerted by the blood on the interior walls of vessels

120/80mmHg
Term
Systole
Definition
ventricular contraction (numerator)
Term
Diastole
Definition
ventricular relaxation (denominator)
Term
Pulse
Definition
rhythmic throbbing caused blood hitting walls of artery
Term
The Respiratory System
Definition
all organs involved in breathing
1. passages: deliver air
2. Lungs: gas exchange
Term
The Nasal Passage
Definition
anterior cilia filter debris.
Goblet cells secret mucus:
1.filters
2.warms
3.humidifies
Term
Pharynx
Definition
thorat
used for breathing and eating: coordinated by epiglottis
Term
Larynx
Definition
voice box
Term
Trachea
Definition
(windpipes)
lined with ciliated mucous membrane
of C-shaped cartilaginous rings attached by connective tissue.
Term
Carina
Definition
trachea divides into the left and right bronchi.
Term
Bronchi
Definition
L and R primary Bronchi
-R shorter wider
-R three secondary bronchi
-L two secondary bronchi
Term
Bronchi arrangement
Definition
Primary bronchi> Secondary Bronchi> Tertiary Bronchi> alveoli
Term
Lung Asymetry
Definition
Developmental cues disallow the left lung from growing earlier than the right and thus prevents the development of the intermediate lobe
Term
Alveoli
Definition
Walls consist of:
1. squamous pulmonary epithelial cells
2.pneumocytes II (septal cells)
-produce surtactants
Term
Pleura
Definition
Lungs covered in two membranous layers
1. Visceral pleura: covers and adheres 2 lungs

2.Parietal pleura:adheres to the thoracic wall and diaphram
Term
Pleural cavity
Definition
fluid filled; cushion during respiration
Term
Respiration
Definition
Follows Boyles Law: air moves from low to high pressure
1/V=P

air moved out out lungs do to changes in pressure

Decreases volume->pressure high in lungs->air moves out
Term
Inspiration
Definition
intercostal muscles relax -> increse in volume -> air pulled in
Term
Experation
Definition
intercostal muscles contract -> decrease in volume -> air pushed out
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
traumatic: air escapes pleural space do to puncture or wound

also spontaneous: cyanosis begins rapidly

bore needle used to decompress pleural cavity
Term
Spirometry
Definition
instrument used to measure lung respiratory volumes and capacities

HEPA (high efficiency particulate air filter)
Term
Tidal Volume (TV)-
Definition
the volume of air that moves in and out during normal breathing
Term
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Definition
the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation.
Term
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Definition
the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.
Term
Residual volume (RV)
Definition
the amount of air that remains in the lungs after complete exhalation.
Term
The Blood Buffer System
Definition
carbonic and acid-bicarbonate buffer blood
Term
Hyperpnea
Definition
Increased breathing
Term
Hypopnea
Definition
Decreased breathing
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
Difficult breathing
Term
Apnea
Definition
Absence of breathing
Term
Hypoventilation
Definition
retention of CO2
fall in pH
respiratory acidosis
Term
Hyperventilation
Definition
excessive elemination of CO2
rise in pH
repiratory alkalosis
Term
Medical Applications of Capacity
Definition
Capacities show us the amount of reserve capacity which we have available for adapting to different amounts of activity.

Capacities point out that a change in breathing habits will not exhaust lung capacity.

Capacities tell a doctor how long inhalants or irritants can remain lingering in the lungs before they are completely exhaled.
Term
Powerlab Pneumotrace
Definition
instrument used to measure abdomen expansion with every inspiration and expiration
Term
3 repirotor centers in brain
Definition
Medullary Rhythmicity Center: (MRC) controls the incidence and depth of breathing

Pneumotaxic Center: (PC) regulates the rate of breathing

Apneustic Center: (AC) plays a role in prolonged respiration
Term
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
Definition
average blood pressure between systolic and diastolic pressure in the aorta.
Term
Cardiac Output (CO)
Definition
amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Term
Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR)
Definition
total resistance against which blood must be pumped
Term
Stroke volume (SV)
Definition
the volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle.
Term
Cardiac Reserve (CR)
Definition
CR = COexercise – COrest

The greater the person’s CR, the greater his or her capacity for doing exercise!
Term
Three types of muslce
Definition
1. Skeletal
-voluntary
-striated
long and multinucleated

2. cardiac muscle
-myocardium
-involuntary
-striated, intercalated disks
-multinucleated

3.smooth muscle
- involuntary
-no striation
-short and uninucleated
Term
5 basic muscle functions
Definition
1. Produce movement
2. regulate organ voluem
3. moving substances within the body
4. stabilizing body posture
5. generate heat
Term
Excitability
Definition
the ability of a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus.
Term
Contractibility
Definition
the ability of a muscle to contract forcibly when adequately stimulated by an action potential.
Term
Extensibility
Definition
the ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended without being damaged.
Term
Elasticity
Definition
the ability of a muscle fiber to resume its resting length, (recoil), after being stretched.
Term
Muscle Tissue Layers
(deep facia)
3 connective?
Definition
Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium
Term
Muscle Morphology (4 levels)
Definition
1. MUSCLE ORGAN: covered by epimysium

2. FASCICLE: portion of muscle (discrete muscle cells segregated by perimysium)

3. MUSCLE FIBER: cell surrounded by endomesium

4. MYOFIBRIL: rod-like contractile elements composed of myofilaments
Term
SARCOMERE
Definition
contractile unit
distance between 2 z discs
Term
2 types of myofilaments
Definition
1. Actin (thin filaments)
2.Myosin (thick filaments)
Term
3 types of actin myofilaments
Definition
G-Actin (globular actin)

Tropomyosin

Troponin (complex)
Term
Myofilament banding
Definition
A-Band: (Anisotropic) dark band; region of overlap between myosin and actin (contains both thick and thin myofilaments).

I-Band: (Isotropic) light band; area that contains actin myofilaments only.

H-Zone: (derived from the German word “Heller” meaning bright) a paler area within the A-band that contains myosin myofilaments only.

Z-disk: (derived from the German word “Zwischenscheibe” meaning in between) these are the bands in between the I bands.

M- Line: (derived from the German word “Mittel” meaning middle) this is the middle of the sarcomere.
Term
The Role of Calcium
Definition
action potential triggers voltage gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic membrane

influx of cs2+

exocytosis of vesicle containing AcH= electropositivity
Term
Sequence of Events Leading to Muscle Contraction
Definition
1.Signal Origination
2.Alpha Motor Neuron
3.Motor End Plate
4.Sarcolemma & T-Tubules
5.SR & Terminal Cisterns
6.Ca2+ binds to Troponin
7.Conformational change occurs on tropomyosin
8.Cross-Bridge Formation
9.Power Stroke
10.Release & Reposition
Term
Contractile Cycle
Definition
1.Binding of the myosin head (cross-bridging formation). At this stage, myosin has ADP and Pi bound.

2.power stroke: myosin head pulls the actin chain past itself and ADP is released

3.Binding of a new ATP molecule is necessary for release of actin by the myosin head

4.ATP hydrolysis occurs immediately and the myosin head is cocked
Term
Partially contracted muscle:
Definition
Z-disks is reduced
sarcomere shrinks.
I-Band distance decreases.
H-Zone distance decreases.
A-Band distance remains unchanged.
Term
Maximally contracted muscle
Definition
distance between z disks is further reduced

I and H band disappead

A band is unchanged
Term
Rigor Mortis
Definition
"stiff death'
no action potential
1. cross bridge cannot detach because ATP exhaustion
2. Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mineralizes in the muscle
Term
threshold voltage
Definition
first observable muscle twitch

all or non principle
Term
Single Muscle Twitch
Definition
1. lag period:
2. Latency period: time between stimulation and response
3. Contraction period: time to get max repose
4. relaxation period: dislocation of actin, myofilaments sliding back to place
Term
Temporal Summation
Definition
Increase frequency; voltage constant
1. single twitch
2. wave summation
3. incomplete tetanus
4. tetanus = fatigue
Term
Spacial summation
Definition
increasing voltage constant frequency
Term
Coactivation
Definition
two antagonistic muscle working together
(biceps and triceps)-minor increase in activity
Term
Types
Definition
1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Electromagnetic - eyes
3. Chemoreceptors
4. Thermoreceptors
5. Nociceptors - pain
6. Proprioceptors - joint
7. Baroreceptors
Term
Cataracts
Definition
Opacity of the eye due to:
Heredity
Aging
Disease condition (diabetes)
Term
Visual Transduction Pathway
Definition
Light rays excite ganglion cells
Bipolar cells stimulated
Photoreceptors stimulated: rods/cones
Change in membrane potential on the photoreceptors directs the visual signal in the opposite direction for data processing
Signal sent to photoreceptors
Signal sent to bipolar cells
Signal sent to ganglion cells
Axons of ganglion cells exit through the optic nerve. (CNII)
Term
Glaucoma
Definition
- increased intraocular pressure
1. hyperactivity of ciliary body that makes aqueous humor
2. blockage of drainage (canal of schlemm)
Term
Aqueous humor
Definition
contained in the anterior chamber; similar to plasma; bathes the cells providing nutrients such as Vit. C
Term
Vitreous Humor
Definition
contained in posterior portion of the eye; functions to keep retina pushed against the back of the eyeball; also provides nutrients to the cells.
Term
Myopia- nearsightedness
Definition
the image is focused in front of the retina.

Correction requires a concave lens.
Term
Hyperopia- farsightedness
Definition
image would be focused behind the retina.

Correction requires a convex lens.
Term
Astigmatism
Definition
blurred vision resulting from irregular curvature of the cornea or lens
Term
Snellen Acuity Chart
Definition
20/20 is “perfect” vision
20/10 is “hyper” vision
Term
Nystagmus
Definition
constant, involuntary, cyclical movement of the eyeball. (Saccades)
Term
Vertigo
Definition
equilibratory apparatus distubances causing dizziness and lightheadedness
Term
Steps in the Auditory Transduction Process
Definition
Auricle collects the sound waves
External Auditory Canal directs waves to TM
TM vibrates causing displacement of the ossicles
Waves reach Oval window
Waves reach Cochlea
Fluids in cochlea allow for tectorial and basilar membranes to shear
Waves reach Organ of Corti; hair receptors bend which transduce sound waves into action potentials
Waves reach Round window
Stereocilia displacement stimulates neurons of the vestibulocochlear nerve. (CN VIII)
Term
2 Types of Deafness
Definition
1. Sensorineural (Presbycusis): Permanent deafness that occurs when hair cells are damaged (ie. Loud concerts)

2. Conduction: Reversible deafness that involves a physical barrier that obstructs hearing. (ie. Cerumen build-up, middle ear infection, congenital defects)
Term
taste buds
Definition
sweet, sour, salt, bitter and savory ("umami“)
Term
Luminescence
Definition
low temp light
cold body radiation
caused by
1. chem rxn
2. electrical energy
3. subatomic motion
Term
Incandescence
Definition
heat driven light
electron displacement
Term
How light produced
Definition
Electrons are initially at ground, stable energy state.
They become excited.
They move to a higher unstable energy state; electrons jump to outer orbital shells.
These valence electrons do not want to be in these outer orbital shells; prefer ground state orbitals.
So, they jump back to lower energy state orbitals.
This electron displacement emits energy in the form of visible light.
Term
Triboluminescence
Definition
light generated when material is pulled apart, ripped,

breaking of chemical bonds

separation and unification of electrical charges
Term
Triboluminescence (explain wino-o-green)
Definition
during crystalization: + and - charges are seperated

molecules are crushed, forcing some e- out of atomic fileds

free e- collide with N in air. N gets energy and vibrates.

N release energy in form of UV light.

UV light interacts with oil and produces spark
Term
Chemiluminescence
Definition
emission of light as the result of a chemical reaction
Term
Chemiluminescence equation
Definition
Luminol + hexacyanoferrate + H2O2  Oxidized Luminol + Blue light

H2O2 is the oxidizing agent

potassium hexacyanoferrate reducing agent.
Term
reducing agent
Definition
is itself oxidized is causing another atom or atoms to be reduced
Term
oxidizing agent
Definition
is itself reduced is causing another atom or atoms to be oxidized
Term
Fe + 2HCl -> FeCl2 + H2
Definition
Fe is the reducing agent; HCl is the oxidizing agent

Fe -> Fe2+ + 2e-
2H+ + 2e- -> H2
Term
Diminish (quench)
Definition
HCl shifts the reaction to the left, disfavoring the forward reaction and hence immediately quenching the light.
Term
Enhance
Definition
NaOH enhances the ability of the luminol to be oxidized by H2O2, so the reaction shifts to the right favoring oxidation and hence enhancing the light.
Term
Dye in Chemolum
Definition
1.Fluorescein (Yellow)
2.Rhodamine B (Rose)
3.Eosin Y (Orange)
Term
Bioluminescence
Definition
light that is carried out by living organisms
Term
firefly
Definition
Lampyridae

is a family of insects in the beetle order Coleoptera.
Term
PHOTOCYTES
Definition
cells of the firefly

produce Luciferin
Term
Biolumenecence equation
Definition
Luciferin + O2 + ATP + Luciferase + Mg2+ Oxyluciferin + AMP + PPi + H2O + Light
Term
Luciferase Enzyme
Definition
Works at optimal pH = 7.4
- shift in pH quenches (NaOH+HCl)

-NaCl: Cl- binds with Mg2+; apoenzyme= catalytically inactive
Term
Cofactors
Definition
need divalent metal cations to make enzyme active
Term
Apoenzyme
Definition
enzyme without its cofactor
Term
Holoenzyme
Definition
enzyme with its cofactor.
Term
Histioteuthis heteropsis
Definition
deep-dwelling squid

photophores
Term
polychaete Tomopteris
Definition
makes yellow luminescence

parapodi
Term
applications of Luminol
Definition
cellular assays to detect coppor, iron, and cyanides

detect blood (iron)
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