Term
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Definition
| implications for clinical treatment. Certain phonemes are more easily elicited from certain contexts. |
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Term
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Definition
| refer to adaptive articulatory changes by which one speech sound becomes similar, sometimes identical, to a neighboring sound segment. |
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Term
| Contiguous (also known as contact) |
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Definition
| modifying adjacent sounds. |
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Term
| Noncontiguous (also known as remote) |
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Definition
| occurs when sounds are separated by at least one other sound segment. |
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Term
| Progressive assimilations (also called perseverative) |
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Definition
earlier occurring sound segment that influences a following sound.
Ex: /r/ is pronounced with rounded lips in the word "shriek" due to semi-rounded lips for /sh/ sound |
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Term
| Regressive assimilations (also called anticipatory) |
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Definition
a later occurring sound segment that influences a preceding sound
Ex: pumpkin --> punkin |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the structure of words. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of organizational rules denoting word, phrase, and clause order. It also examines the organization and relationship between words, word classes, and other sentence elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the study of linguistic meaning and includes the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. |
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Term
| Pragmatics (social use/context) |
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Definition
| is the study of language used to communicate within various situational contexts. It examines language use in context. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the type of constriction the organ and place of articulation produce for the realization of a particular consonant (ex: stops, plosives, affricates, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
| denotes the area within the vocal tract that moves during consonant production |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the presence or absence of vocal fold vibration during the consonant production |
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Term
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Definition
| infant proto-words; syllables that do not have meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| high frequency sounds that have a more strident quality and longer duration than most other consonants |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by a complete or narrow constriction between the articulators hindering the expiratory air stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for vowels and diphthongs due to their great sonority in relationship to consonants. Produced with relatively open expiratory passageway. |
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Term
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Definition
| variations in the production of phonemes that do not change meaning of words. They are influenced by the surrounding sounds and the position of the phoneme in the word. |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds made with the tongue blade raised above the neutral position required for the production of the schwa. |
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Term
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Definition
| stress, intonation, loudness, pitch level, juncture, rate and vowel reduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| when features from two adjacent sounds are combined so that one sound replaces two other sounds (type of total assimilation). |
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Term
| Continuant sounds (fricatives, liquids, glides) |
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Definition
| sounds made with an incomplete point of constriction. The flow of air is not entirely stopped at any point |
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Term
| Strident sounds (fricatives and affricates) |
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Definition
| airstream is forced through a small opening resulting in intense noise and rapid airflow pressing against the teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| the syllabic must be made with the same articulators as the sound before |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by spasms that cause the vocal folds to slam together and stiffen. The spasms make it difficult for the vocal folds to vibrate and produce sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a vowel in which there is no appreciable change in quality during a syllable as in "father." |
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Term
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Definition
| a vowel in which there is a change in quality during a single syllable, as in "high." |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of an individual's sound system resulting in significant problem with speech sound production that differs from age and culturally based expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to articulate certain speech sounds correctly. Refers to phonetic impairment. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the rules that govern sound patterns in a given language. Refers to phonemic impairment. |
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Term
| Shriberg and Kent (person) |
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Definition
| children have a tendency to devoice final obstruent's |
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Term
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Definition
| "discontinuity hypothesis" emphasizes a separation between the prelinguistic and the linguistic phases of sound production |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced the term infraphonological to describe an infant's initial vocalizations; he called such vocalizations protophones. (5 infraphonological/prelinguistic stages) |
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Term
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Definition
| divides the normal process for foundation of speech into 4 phases (anatomical and functional parts of speech) |
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Term
| 5 stages of Prelinguistic Development (Oller) |
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Definition
Phonation Stage (birth to 1 month),
Coo and Goo Stage (2-3 months),
Exploration-Expansion Stage (4-6 months),
Canonical Babbling Stage (7-9 months),
Variegated Babbling Stage (10-12 months) |
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Term
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Definition
| denotes the area within the vocal tract that remains motionless (ex: alveolar ridge would be motionless, but still needed for articulation). |
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Term
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Definition
| when a sound is forced by another sound to change all of its phonetic properties (organ, place, and manner) into the sound category of the influencing sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| when only parts of the phonetic characteristics become modified |
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Term
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Definition
| They are nonsense strings of syllables. They will eventually turn into words like "doggy" or "kitty." For example, "papadaba" or "mamalata." |
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Term
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Definition
| variation in which tongue approaches the upper incisors |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the articulatory variation in which the airstream is released laterally (/s/ and /z/ typically become lateralized) |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds for which the palate is not the place of articulation can be palatalized. The /k/ /g/ and /t/ can be palatalized |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the posterior movement of the tongue placement for palatal sounds ("dark /l/ sound") |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden release of effort in fortis (a lot of effort) leads to typical aspiration |
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Term
| Unaspirated stop plosives |
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Definition
| most common when they occur immediately following the fricative /s/ |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the apex of the tongue directly contacts the back of the upper central incisors ("dental lisp") |
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Term
| Unreleased stop-plosives (imploded) |
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Definition
| articulatory closure is maintained and not released (no audible release) |
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Term
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Definition
| substitutes for the stop consonant and serves to turn off the bowel before the syllabic sound is made |
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Term
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Definition
| when a normally unrounded consonant is produced with lip rounding (/sh/ is the only sound that is rounded) |
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Term
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Definition
| symbols lose the rhotic symbol and become the schwa |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction of nasal quality (hyponasality). Occurs only on nasal sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete closure results in build-up of air pressure followed by a release phase in which separation of the articulators allows for a burst of air. |
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Term
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Definition
| Audible friction (noise results) during sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of consonants that contain two phases. 1) a stop portion with a build up of air pressure which is slowly released follow by 2) a frication portion of the speech sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| produced with a wider passage of air resulting in a smooth airflow. Gliding movement of the articulators to a more open position. |
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Term
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Definition
| generative phonology, combination of underlying phonological representations and surface articulation form the structure of sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| natural phonology, phonological patterns that are universal or typically occuring |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| created concept of operant conditions: controlling responses by changing the consequences that occur immediately following the act |
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Term
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Definition
| Watson, Skinner, and Pavlov; describes consequences as positive or negative, reinforcement or penalty |
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Term
| McLeod's Foundation for Speech (4 Phases): |
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Definition
Phase 1: development of anatomical structure and function
Phase 2: Transition from words to speech
Phase 3: Increasing inventory
Phase 4: Mastery of speech and literacy |
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Term
| How does anatomy make a difference in the development of speech in a child? |
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Definition
| enlargement of the skull and laryngeal areas occurs which then allows for more room in the velum, tongue no longer fills the mouth, and tongue and lips acquire more mobility. |
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Term
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Definition
| is known as a collective term for the reduplicated and non reduplicated babbling. Use of open syllables. |
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Term
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Definition
| vocalizations become longer and consist of CV syllables whose timing approximates adult speech. |
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Term
| Phonation Stage (birth to 1 month) |
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Definition
| reflexive vocalizations such as crying, fussing, coughing, sneezing, burping. Vocalizations resembling vowels also known as protophones and quasi-vowels |
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Term
| Coo and Goo Stage (2-3 months) |
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Definition
| productions similar to back vowels or to syllables consisting of back consonants and vowels |
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Term
| Exploration-Expansion Stage (4-6 months) |
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Definition
| stage of vocal play and exploration, new sounds and variability in their pitch, loudness, duration, and vocal quality. Squeals, growls, yells, and vowel-like sounds resulting in good resonation ("raspberries") |
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Term
| Canonical Babbling Stage (7-9 months) |
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Definition
| well timed vocal tract opening and closing, normal phonation, and repetitive patterns. Reduplicated babbling-vocalizations become longer and use of open syllables. |
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Term
| Variegated Babbling Stage (10-12 months) |
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Definition
| syllable sequences occur, vocalizations in which the consonant and vocalic elements keep changing. The infant may combine CV sequences such as /madaga/ or /putika/ |
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Term
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Definition
| longer in duration and produced with higher degree of muscular effort |
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Term
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Definition
| shorter in duration and require less muscular effort |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning wouldn't change if in a particular word the vowel was to be pronounced as a monophthong or a diphthong |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaning would change if in a particular word the vowel was produced as a monophthong or as a diphthong |
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