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Advanced Nutrition
Chap. 5
60
Nutrition
Undergraduate 4
11/11/2014

Additional Nutrition Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Polyunsaturated fats of nutritional interest may have:
Definition
as many as six double bonds.
Term
Carbon-carbon double bonds in the cis form:
Definition
result in a kinking of the fatty acid into a U-shape.
Term
Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be supplied by the diet?
Definition
alpha-linolenic acid
Term
What lipids are a major component of cell and organelle membranes?
Definition
phospholipids
Term
Triacylglycerols with unsaturated fatty acids tend to be ________ at room temperature.
Definition
liquid oils
Term
What is the most common lipid characterized by a cyclized internal segment in a 20 carbon chain?
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
Cholesterol serves as a precursor for ________.
Definition
estrogens and androgens
Term
Sphingomyelins serve which of the following functions?
Definition
constituent of myelin sheaths
Term
Pancreatic lipase is characterized by which of the following statements?
Definition
It requires an alkaline environment for optimal activity.
Term
Undigested lipid delays the rate of emptying of stomach contents, thus:
Definition
delaying hunger.
Term
What is the carrier for long-chain dietary fatty acids in circulation?
Definition
chylomicrons
Term
Apolipoproteins function to:
Definition
stimulate enzymatic reactions which regulate the metabolic functions of lipoproteins.
Term
Which of the following lipoproteins are normally present in blood in the greatest quantity during the fasting state?
Definition
LDL
Term
Which of the following lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol away from tissues for excretion by the liver?
Definition
HDL
Term
LDL binds to which of the following cells with high affinity and specificity?
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
What enzyme is inhibited by drug therapy to decrease serum cholesterol?
Definition
HMG CoA reductase
Term
Which of the following fatty acids is least likely to promote heart disease?
Definition
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Term
Trans unsaturated fatty acids elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL and are therefore likely to:
Definition
promote heart disease.
Term
Carnitine is the carrier molecule needed for:
Definition
mitochondrial membrane transport of fatty acids and their CoA derivatives.
Term
Beta-oxidation in the mitochondria produces ________.
Definition
acetyl CoA
Term
Which of the following fatty acids would yield the greatest energy upon complete oxidation?
Definition
stearic acid
Term
Cholesterol is produced from:
Definition
acetyl-CoA.
Term
The fatty acid synthase system is involved in creating:
Definition
palmitate from acetyl CoA.
Term
What is the most important unsaturated fatty acid serving as a precursor for eicosanoids that antagonize those made from an omega-6 fatty acid precursor?
Definition
eicosapentaenoic acid
Term
Leukotrienes are hormone-like substances made from:
Definition
arachidonic acid.
Term
Prostaglandins exhibit a range of physiological actions including:
Definition
effects on the immune system.
Term
Which hormone inhibits hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase found in adipose tissue cells?
Definition
insulin
Term
What organ provides the major site for lipoprotein formation from endogenously produced lipids?
Definition
liver
Term
What is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Definition
high levels of circulating LDL
Term
The mechanism by which orlistat decreases caloric consumption is by:
Definition
inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity.
Term
Which level of organization is determined by the sequence of amino acids specified by the messenger RNA?
Definition
primary
Term
Amino acids that have side chains that are not charged are called ________.
Definition
neutral amino acids
Term
The compound that denatures the quaternary, tertiary and secondary structures of protein in the stomach during digestion is:
Definition
hydrochloric acid.
Term
The major way that dipeptides and tripeptides enter the enterocytes through the brush border is by:
Definition
peptide carrier.
Term
Glutamine is often added to nutritional mixtures used for hospitalized patients because:
Definition
it is utilized extensively by gut cells for energy and for cell proliferation and growth of mucosal cells.
Term
When the diet is lacking in the amino acids alanine and glycine:
Definition
the body will synthesize them.
Term
Lysine and threonine cannot undergo transamination to an appreciable amount and are said to be ________.
Definition
totally indispensable
Term
Cholecystokinin and secretin are regulatory peptides in the pancreatic phase of digestion that activate the release of ________.
Definition
brush-border enzymes such as enteropeptidase
Term
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes are ________.
Definition
hormones
Term
Which of the following is a nitrogen containing, non-protein compound that performs an important function in the body?
Definition
carnitine
Term
Deamination of amino acids results in the production of toxic ________.
Definition
ammonia
Term
If blood urea nitrogen were high, which organ would you suspect of inadequate function?
Definition
kidney
Term
When the amino group has been removed from an amino acid, the carbon skeleton or alpha-keto acid may be used for production of ________.
Definition
cholesterol
Term
All of the following amino acids are glucogenic EXCEPT:
Definition
leucine.
Term
Maple syrup urine disease is the genetic disease associated with the lack of the:
Definition
branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex.
Term
Which of the following amino acids represent the aromatic amino acids?
Definition
phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan
Term
Which amino acids are particularly metabolized by brain neurons?
Definition
those with side chains containing aromatic rings
Term
When amino acids are not needed by the liver for protein synthesis, they are predominately ________.
Definition
oxidized
Term
Urinary excretion of which compound is used as an indicator of the amount of existing muscle mass?
Definition
creatinine
Term
Leucine, when oxidized in muscle tissue, ________.
Definition
spares essential gluconeogenic precursors, pyruvate and lactate
Term
What amino acid is the precursor of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla?
Definition
tyrosine
Term
GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is made from which amino acid?
Definition
glutamate
Term
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
Which of the following is true regarding protein turnover?
Definition
Protein turnover accounts for up to 1/4 of resting metabolic rate.
Term
Lysosomes and protasomes are involved with ________.
Definition
protein breakdown
Term
Chemical score is best described as:
Definition
the content of the most limiting essential amino acid in the protein relative to a reference pattern or a reference protein.
Term
Grains are limited in lysine, threonine or tryptophan. What food group is considered complementary because it supplies these amino acids?
Definition
legumes
Term
When evaluating protein quality, which of the following measures represents the retention of food nitrogen consumed rather than retention of food nitrogen absorbed?
Definition
NPU
Term
What is the current Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for adults?
Definition
0.8 g/kg/d
Term
Which nonessential amino acids are known to be particularly important?
Definition
glutamine, glutamate and alanine
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