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| Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. |
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| Building blocks of proteins, produced when proteins are digested. |
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| Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch. |
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| Opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body. |
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| Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). It literally means "hanging on". |
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| Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbaldder.It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall, probably because it has a bitter taste. It is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts. |
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| Pigment released by the liver in bile. |
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| Pointed teeth next to (distal to) the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth. |
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| First part of the large intestines. |
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| Large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum. |
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| Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus. |
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| Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum. |
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| Major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root. |
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| Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms. |
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| First part of the small intestine. Duo=2, den=10. The duodenum measures 12 inches long. |
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| Act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials. |
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| Physical process of breaking up large fat gobules into smaller gobules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat. |
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| Hard, outermost layer of a tooth. |
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| A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end is -ase. |
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| Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing. |
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| Substances produced when fats are digested. |
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| Small sac uner the liver; stores bile. |
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| Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells. |
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| Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food. |
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| Third part of the small intestine. |
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| One of four front teeth in the dental arch. |
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| Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver. |
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| Second part of the small intestines. |
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| Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats. |
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| A large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. The normal adult liver weighs about 2.5-3 lbs. |
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| LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (LES) |
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| Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter. |
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| The sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars. |
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| Roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jaw bone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat. |
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| Organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods). |
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| Small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation. |
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| Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. |
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| Rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures. Peristalsis moves the contents through the GI tract at different rates: stomach, .5 to 2 hours; small intestine, 2 to 6 hours; and colon 6 to 72 hours. |
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| Throat. Common passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the trachea. |
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| Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines. |
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| Enzyme that digests protein. |
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| Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels. |
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| Ring of muscles at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it. |
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| Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum. |
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| Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus. |
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| Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach. |
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| Digestive juice produced by the salivary glands. |
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| Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands. |
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| Fourth and last "S-shaped" segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum. |
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| Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening. |
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| Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section). |
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| Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol. |
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| Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. |
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| Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. |
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| Intestines, usually small |
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| Defecation, elimination of wastes |
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| Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. |
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| BORBORYGMUS (PL. BORBORYGMI) |
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| Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract. |
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| When swallowing causes pain |
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| Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth. |
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| Gas expelled through the anus. |
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| Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood |
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| Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter. |
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| Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers. |
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| Tooth decay (caries means decay). |
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| Inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus. |
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| White plaques or patches (-plakia means plaque) on the mucosa of the mouth. |
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| Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone. |
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| Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax. |
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| Swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus. |
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| Malignant tumor of the stomach. |
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| GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) |
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| Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach. |
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| Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum. |
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| Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus. |
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| Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon. |
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| Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both. |
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| Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon). |
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| Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall. |
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| Painful, inflamed intestines. |
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| Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region. |
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| Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines. |
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| Telescoping of the intestines. |
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| IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) |
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| Group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension. |
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| Chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers. |
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| Twisting of the intestine on itself. |
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| Chronic degenerative disease of the liver. |
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| Inflammation of the liver due to a virus. |
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