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Advanced Med Surg 2nd Semester Drugs
List of the drugs that we need to know, Spring Semester 2012
208
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
03/24/2012

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Nystatin:

Action

Definition
Affects synthesis of the fungal wall, allowing leakage of cellular contents. Results in decrease or symptoms of fungal infection.
Term

Nystatin:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Local burning, itching. Local hypersensitivity reactions, redness, stinging.
Term

 Monistat:

 

Action

Definition
Affects the permeability of the fungal walls, allowing leakage of cellular contents. Not active against bacteria. Results in inhibited growth and death of susceptible Candida, with decrease in accompanying symptoms of vulvovginitis (vaginal burning, itching, discharge).
Term

Monistat:

 

Side effects

Definition
Common: Itching, pelvic pain, vulvovaginal burning
Term

Lamisil:

 

Action

Definition
Interfers with fungal cell wall synthesis (ergosterol biosynthesis) by inhibiting the enzyme squalene epoxidae. Results in fungal wall death.
Term

Lamisil:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Hepatotoxicity, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson's syndrome

 

Common: Anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, vomitting

Term

Lamisil:

 

Monitoring/Assessment/Patient Teaching

Definition
Monitor AST and ALT prior to and periodically throughout therapy Assess for s/s of infection before and throughout theapy.Instruct pt. to notify HCP if s/s of liver dysfunction (unusual fatigue, anorexia, n/v, dark urine, pale stools or rash occur.
Term

Bactrim:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits the metbolism of folic acid in bacteria at two different points. Results in bactericidal action against susceptible organisims.
Term

Bactrim:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Pseudomembraneous colitis, hepatic necrosis, toxic epidermal necrolytis, aplastic anemia, erytema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson's syndrome

 

Common: N/V, rashes, phlebitis

Term

Doxycycline:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis at the level of the 30S bacterial ribosome. Resuts in bacteriostatic action against susceptible bacteria.
Term

Doxycycline:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Pseudomembraneous colitis

 

Common: Dizziness, N/V, Photosensitivity

Term

Doxycycline:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Monitor bowel function. Diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever, and bloody stools should be reported to HCP promptly as a s/s of pseudomembraneous colitis. May begin several weeks following cessation of therapy. Advise pt. to report s/s of superinfection: black, furry overgrowth on the tongue, vaginal itching or discharge, loose or foul-smelling stools.
Term

Belclomethasone (Qvar):

 

Action

Definition
Potent, locally acting steroidal anti-inflamatory and immune modifier. Results in decreased frequency and severity of asthma attacks.
Term

Belclomethasone (Qvar):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Churg-Strauss syndrome

 

Common: Headache, dyphonia (an impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds using vocal organs), hoarsness

Term

Belclomethasone (Qvar):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Corticosteroids need to be gradually decreased over 2-4 weeks to prevent complications from adrenal insufficiency. Teach pt. proper use of MDI. Teach pt. to rinse mouth after use of MDI to minimize risk of fungal infections. Clean mouthpiece weekly but don't place MDI in water.
Term

Albuteral inhaler (Proventil HFA):

 

Action

Definition
Binds to β2-adrenergic receptors in airway smooth muscle which results in relaxation of airway smooth muscle with subsequent bronchodilation. Relatively selective for β2 pulmonary receptors.
Term

Albuteral inhaler (Proventil HFA):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Paradoxical bronchospasm

 

Common: Nervousness, restlessness, tremor, pediatric insomnia, chest pain, palpitations.

Term

Albuteral inhaler (Proventil HFA):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Observe for paradoxical bronchospasm (wheezing).  If bronchospasm occurs, dc med immediately and notify HCP. Instruct pt. to prime unit w/4 sprays before using and discard cannister after 200 sprays.
Term

Salmeteral inhaler (Serevant diskus):

 

Action

Definition
Produces accumulation of cAMP at β2-adrenergic receptors, resulting in bronchodlation.
Term

Salmeteral inhaler (Serevant diskus):

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Headache.
Term

Salmeteral inhaler (Serevant diskus):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Observe for paradoxical bronchospasms. Watch for s/s of overdose including persistent agitation, chest pain, decreased bp, dizziness, hyperglycemia, seizures, tachyarrhythmias, persistent trembling, vomitting.
Term

Pulmicort /Budesonide:

 

Action

Definition
Potent, locally acting steroidal anti-inflamatory and immune modifier. Results in decreased frequency and severity of asthma attacks.
Term

Pulmicort /Budesonide:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Churg-Strauss syndrome

 

Common: Headache, dyphonia (an impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds using vocal organs), hoarsness

Term

Pulmicort /Budesonide:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt Teaching

Definition
Corticosteroids need to be gradually decreased over 2-4 weeks to prevent complications from adrenal insufficiency.
Term

Montelukast (Singulair):

 

Action

Definition
Antagonizes the effects of leukotrinenes, which mediate the following: Airway edema, smooth muscle constriction, altered cellular activity. Result is decreased inflamatory process, which ispart of asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Term

Montelukast (Singulair):

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: Suicidal thoughts, Churg-Strauss syndrome.
Term

Montelukast (Singulair):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Monitor closely for changes of behavior that could indicate emergence or worsening of depression or suicidal thoughts. Don't open package until ready to use. Discard unused portion.
Term

Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent):

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits cholinergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscles, resulting in ↓ cGMP which produces local bronchodilation. Results in bronchodilation w/out systemic anticholinergic effects.
Term

Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Administer inhaled bronchodilators before Atrovent. Advise pt. to rinse mouth after using inhaler.
Term

Metaproterenol (Alupent):

 

Action

Definition
Bronchodilator that relaxes smooth muscle.
Term

Metaproterenol (Alupent):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Irregular heartbeat

 

Common: Cough, dizziness, dry mouth headache.

Term

Salmeterol (Serevent):

 

Action

Definition
Produces accumulation of cAMP at β2-adrenergic receptors, resulting in bronchodlation.
Term

Salmeterol (Serevent):

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Headache.
Term

Salmeterol (Serevent):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Once removed from foil overwrap, discard dikus when every blister has been used or 6 weeks have passed.
Term

Cromolyn (Intal):

 

Action

Definition
Mast cell stabalizer which results in decreased inflamation of bronchials.
Term

Cromolyn (Intal):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Epistaxis

 

Common: Headache, unpleasant taste, hoarseness, coughing.

Term

Prednisone:

 

Action

Definition
Short acting corticosterod that suppresses inflammation and normal immune response.
Term

Prednisone:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Peptic ulceration, thromboemboism

 

Common: Depression, euphoria, hypertension, anorexia, n/v, decreased wound healing, ecchymosis, fragility, hirsutism, petechiae, adrenal suppression, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, Cushingoid appearance.

Term

Prednisone:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Assess for s/s adrenal insufficiency. Instruct pt. to inform HCP if severe abdominal pain or tarry stools occur.
Term

Methylprednisolone (Solu-cortef):

 

Action

Definition
Short acting corticosterod that suppresses inflammation ande normal immune response.
Term

Methylprednisolone (Solu-cortef):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Peptic ulceration, thromboemboism.

 

Common: Depression, euphoria, hypertension, anorexia, n/v, decreased wound healing, ecchymosis, fragility, hirsutism, petechiae, adrenal suppression, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, Cushingoid appearance. 

Term

Methylprednisolone (Solu-cortef):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Assess for s/s adrenal insufficiency. Instruct pt. to inform HCP if severe abdominal pain or tarry stools occur.
Term

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl):

 

Action

Definition
Antagonizes the effects of histamine release which results in decreased s/s of histamine release (sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal and ocular pruritus, ocular tearing and redness, urticria).
Term

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl):

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Drowsiness, anorexia, dry mouth.
Term

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Teach pt to take at night, where possible, as med will cause drowsiness. Teach pt. med may cause dry mouth. Use gum or candy to minimize this effect.
Term

Loratadine (Claritin):

 

Action

Definition
Blocks peripheral effects of hiamine released during allergic reactions. Result in decrease in s/s of allergic reactions (nasal stuffiness, red, swollen eyes, itching).
Term

Loratadine (Claritin):

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Paradoxical excitation, dry mouth.
Term

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed):

 

Action

Definition
Symptomatic management of nasal congestion associated with acute viral URIs. Stimulates alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, resultingin reduction of nasal congestion, hyperemia and swelling in nasal passages.
Term

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, cardiovascular collapse

 

Common: Anxiety, nervousness, palpitations, anorexia.

Term

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teachin

Definition
Administer at least 2 hrs before bedtime to minimize insomnia.
Term

Phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine):

 

Action

Definition
Alpha-adrenergic agonist. Results in decreased systemic vascular resistance (primarily for treatment of nasal congestion).
Term

Phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Bradycardia, hypertension, decreased CO, Diminished renal function, seizures.

 

Common: Rebound nasal congestion with prolonged use.

Term

Phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teachin

Definition
Assess CBC, watch for evidence of blood dyscrasias. Monitor cardiac functioning throughout treatment. Titrate to patient. Do not exceed recommended dosage as systemic effects may take place.
Term

Isoniazid:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits mycobacterial cell wall synthesis and interfers with metabolism. Results in acteriostatic or bactericidal action against susceptible mycobacteria.
Term

Isoniazid:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Drug-induced hepatitis

 

Common: Peripheral neuropathy

Term

Isoniazid:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teachin

Definition
Monitor liver function throughout therapy. AST, ALT and serum bilirubin may indicated drug induced hepatitis. If isoniazid toxicity occurs , treatment with pyridoxine (vitamin B) is instituted.
Term

Rifampin:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits RNA synthesis by blocking RNA transcription in susceptible organims. Results in bacteriocidal action against susceptible organisms.
Term

Rifampin:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: red discolorartion of teeth, abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, heartburn, n/v, red discoloration of urine, red discoloration of all body fluids.
Term

Rifampin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Emphasize importance of continuing med even after symptoms have susided. Advise pt. to notify HCP if s/s of hepatic function occur. Instruct pt. to notify HCP if flu-like s/s occur. Inform pt. body secretions (urine, tears, saliva, etc.) may turn reddish-brown.
Term

Streptomycin:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria, resulting in bacteriocidal action.
Term

Streptomycin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

 

Common: Ataxia

Term

Streptomycin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt Teaching

Definition
Evaluate cranial nerve function by audiometry before and throughout therapy. First sign of tinnitus dc med and inform HCP.
Term

Tiotropium (Spiriva):

 

Action

 

Definition

Acts as anticholinergic by selectively a reversibly inhibiting M3 receptors in smooth muscle of airways. Results in decreased incidence and severity of bronchospasm.

 

Term

Tiotropium (Spiriva):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Angioedema

 

Common: Dry mouth

Term

Tiotropium (Spiriva):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Treatment

Definition
If paradoxical bronchospasm occurs, dc med. Advise pt. to notify HCP if any s/s of glaucoma occur (eye pain, discomfort, blurred vision, visual halos, colord images in association w. red eyes from conjunctival congestion).
Term

Aminophylline:

 

Action

Definition
Bronchodilator that also stimulates CNS, diuresis, inotropic and chronotropic effects.
Term

Aminophylline:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, arrhythmias

 

Common: Anxiety, tachycardia, n/v

Term

Aminophylline:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Pts w/history of cardiovascular disease should be monitored for chest pain and ECG changes. Advise pt. to minimize consumption of xanthine containing foods (colas, coffee, chocolates).
Term

Theophylline:

 

Action

Definition
Bronchodilator that also stimulates CNS, diuresis, inotropic and chronotropic effects.
Term

Theophylline:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, arrhythmias

 

Common: Anxiety, tachycardia, n/v

Term

Theophylline:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Pts w/history of cardiovascular disease should be monitored for chest pain and ECG changes.
Term

Nitrofurantoin:

 

Action

Definition
Interfers with bacterial enzymes resulting in bactericidal or bacteriostatic action.
Term

Nitrofurantoin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatoxicity, pseudomembraneous colitis

 

Common: Anorexia, n/v, hypersensitivity reactions

Term

Nitrofurantoin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Admin with food or milk to minimize GI irritation. Diarrea, abdominal cramping, fever and bloody stools should be reported to HCP promptly as a sign of pseudomembranous colitis. Inform pt. med may cause urine to turn rust-brown which isn't significant. Advise pt. to notify HCP if fever, chills, dyspnea skin rash, numbness or tingling of fingers otoes or intolerable GI upset occurs.
Term

Cipro:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase. Results in in death of susceptible bacteria.
Term

Cipro:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, arrhythmias, hepatoxicity, pseudomembranous colitis, anaphylaxis, stevns-Johnson syndrome

 

Common: Dizziness, headache, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea

Term

Cipro:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
If gastric irritation occurs, administer with meals. Diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever and bloody stools should be reported to HCP promptly as these s/s may be indicative of pseudomembranous colitis. Instruct pt to DC med immediately if rash, jaundice, s/s of hypersensitivity, or tendon pain, swelling or inflammation occur.
Term

Levaquin:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase. Results in in death of susceptible bacteria.
Term

Levaquin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, arrhythmias, hepatoxicity, pseudomembranous colitis, anaphylaxis, stevns-Johnson syndrome

 

Common: Dizziness, headache, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea

Term

Levaquin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Instruct pt. to notiy HCP if s/s of pseudomenbranous colitis occur. Instruct pt to DC med immediately if rash, jaundice, s/s of hypersensitivity, or tendon pain, swelling or inflammation occur. If tendon symptoms occur, avoid exercise and use of affected area.
Term

Phenazopyridine:

 

Action

Definition
Acts locally on the urinary tract mucosa to produre analgesic or local anesthetic effcts. Has no antimicrobialactivity. Results in diminished urinary tract discomfort.
Term

Phenazopyridine:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Bright orange urine
Term

Phenazopyridine:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Medication should be discontinued after pain or discomfort is relieved (usually 2 days for treatment of urinary tract infection). Concurrent antibiotic therapy should continue for full prescribed duration.
Term

Detrol:

 

Action

Definition
Acts as a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist resulting in inhibition of cholinergically mediated bladder contraction. Results in decreased urgency, frequency and urge incontinence.
Term

Detrol:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Headache, dizziness, dry mouth
Term

Vancomycin:

 

Action

Definition
Binds to bacterial cell walls, resulting in cell death. Results in bactericidal action against susceptible organisms.
Term

Vancomycin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Anaphylaxis

 

Common: Nephrotoxicity, phlebitis

Term

Aspirin:

 

Action

Definition
Produces analgesia and reduces inflammation and fever by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. Results in decreased platelet aggregation, inflammation and fever.
Term

Aspirin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: GI bleeding, exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson's syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolyis, anaphylaxis, laryngeal edema.

 

Common: Dypepsia, epigastric distress, nausea

Term

Aspirin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Prolongs bleeding time for 4-7 days and in large doses, may cause prolonged prothrombin time. Monitor hct periodically in prolonged high-dose therapy to assess fo GI blood loss. Instruct pts to take w/full glass of water and remain in upright position for 15-30 mins after admin. Advise pts to report tinnitus, unusual bleeding of gums, bruising, black, tarry stools or fever lasting longer than 3 days. Use of aspirin in children or teens w/viral infection can increase risk of Reye's syndrome.
Term

Celebrex:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits the COX-2 enzyme, which is required for the synthesis of prostaglandins. Results in decreased pain and inflammation caused by arthritis or spondylitis.
Term

Celebrex:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: Myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis, GI Bleeding, exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Term

Celebrex:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Advise pt to notify HCP if any s/s of GI toxicity (abdominal pain, tarry stools), skin rash, uexplained weight gain, edema, or chest pain occurs.
Term

Naprosyn:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.  Results in decreased pain and reduction of fever.
Term

Naprosyn:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Drug-induced hepatitis, GI Bleeding, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

 

Common: Dizziness, drowsiness, constipation, dyspepsia, nausea

Term

Naprosyn:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Administration in higher than recommended doses does not provide increased effectiveness but may cause increased side-effects. Use lowest effective dose for shortest duration pssible to minimize cardiac effects. Coadministration of opiod analgesics may have additive analgesic effects and may permit lower opiod doses. 
Term

Methotrexate:

 

Action

Definition
Interferes with folic acid metabolism. Results in inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell reproduction. Results in death of rapidly replicating cells, particularly malignant ones, and immunosuppression.
Term

Methotrexate:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Pulmonary fibrosis, aplastic anemia.

 

Common: Arachnoiditis (IT use only), anorexia, hepatoxicity, nausea, stomatitis, vomiting, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, nephropathy.

Term

Methotrexate:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Monitor VS, for bone marrow depression, for s/s of gout, assess for s/s of nuchal rigidity, monitor CBC and differential prior to and frequently during therapy, monitor BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, bilirubin and LDH. May cause increased serum uric acid concentrations.
Term

Meloxicam:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, resulting in decreased pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis.
Term

Meloxicam:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: GI bleeding, exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson's syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolyis.
Term

Meloxicam:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Pts who have asthma, aspirin-induced allergy and nasal polyps are at increased risk for developing hypersensitivity reactions.
Term

Plaquenil/hydroxycholraquine:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by inhibiting DNA and RNA polymerase, resulting in death of plasmodia responsible for causing malaria. Also has anti-inflammatory properties. Used in the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis, SLE.
Term

Plaquenil/hydroxycholraquine:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: Seizures, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia.
Term

Plaquenil/hydroxycholraquine:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Assess deep tendon reflexes periodically to determine muscle weakness. Med should be dc'ed if this occurs. Advise pt to notify HCP if sore throat, fever, unusual bleeding, bruising, blurred vision, visual changes, tinnitis, difficulty hearing or muscle weakness occurs.
Term

Azulfidine:

 

Action

Definition
Locally acting anti-inflammatory action in the colon, where activity is probably a resulof inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, resulting in reduction in the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease.
Term

Azulfidine:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, serum sickness, Stevens-Johnsons syndrome

 

Common: Headache, anorexia, diarrhea, n/v, rashes, fever.

Term

Azulfidine:

 

Assessments/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Assess for s/s of allergy (fever, rash). DC med if these s/s occur. Monior CBC before and every 3-6 mos during prolonged therapy. DC sulfasalazine if blood dyscrasia occur. Inform pt that this med may cause urine to turn orange-yellow.
Term

Imuran:

 

Action

Definition
Antagonizes purine metabolism with subsequent ihibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. Results in suppression of cell-mediated immunity and altered antibody formation.
Term

Imuran:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Serum sickness

 

Common: Anorexia, hepatotoxicity, n/v, anemia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, chills, fever.

Term

Imuran:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Advise pts to avoid contact w/persons w/contagious diseases and persons who have recently taken oral poliovius vaccine or other live viruses.
Term

Coumadin:

 

Action

Definition
Interfers with hepatic synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, resulting in prevention of thromboembolic events.
Term

Coumadin:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: Bleeding
Term

Coumadin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Assess for evidence of additional or increased throbosis. Med takes 3-5 days to reach therapeutic levels. Don't change brands; potencies may not be equivilant. Assess for s/s of bleeding  hemorrhage. Monitor PT, INR and other clotting factors frequently during admin.
Term

Plavix:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting the binding of ATP to platelet receptors. Results in decreased occurance of atherosclerotic events in patients at risk.
Term

Plavix:

 

Side Effects

Definition
GI bleeding, bleeding, neutropenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Term

Plavix:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Monitor pt for s/s of thrombotic thrombocytic purpura. Monitor bleeding time during theapy. Prolonged bleeding time, which is dose dependent, is expected. Advise pt to notify HCP promptly if fever, chills, sore throat or unusual bleeding occurs.
Term

Heparin:

 

Action

Definition
Potentiates the inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin. In low doses, prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin bits effects on factor Xa. Higher doses neutralize thrombin, preventing t conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Results in prevention of thrombis formation and extension of existing thrombi.
Term

Heparin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Bleeding

 

Common: Anemia, thrombocytopenia (can occur up to severeal weeks after dc of therapy)

Term

Heparin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
May cause hyperkalemia and increased AST and ALT levels, monitor platelet count every 2-3 days throughout therapy. Assess for s/s of bleeding and hemorrhage. Assess pt for evidence of additional or increased thrombosis. Monitor aPTT and hct prior to and periodically during therapy. It is desired to have a PTT of 1.2-2.5 times the control, without signs of hemorrhage. Instruct pt not to take meds containing aspirin or NSAIDs while on heparin therapy.
Term

Atenolol:

 

Action

Definition
Blocks stimulation of beta1 (myocardial) adrenergic receptors. Does not usually affect beta2 (pulmonary, vascular, uterine) receptor sites. Results in decreased blood pressure and heart rate. Decreased frequency of attacks of angina pectoris. Prevention of MI.
Term

Atenolol:

 

Side Effects

 

Definition

Serious: Bradycardia, CHF, Pulmonary edema

 

Common: Fatigue, weakness, erectile dysfunction

Term

Atenolol:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Monitor I&O ratios and daily weights. Assess routinely for CHF (dyspnea, rales/crackles, weight gain, peripheral edema, JVD). Advise pts to make sure enough medication is available for weekends, holidays and vacations. A written prescription may be kept in wallet in case of emergency.
Term

Cardizem - Ca++ channel blockers:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits transport of calcium into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in inhibition of excitation-contraction coupling and subsequent contraction. Resulting in systemic vasodilation resulting in decreased blood pressure. Coronary vasodilation resuing in decreased frequcy and severity of attacks of angina. REduction of ventricular rate in atrial fibrilation or flutter.
Term

Cardizem - Ca++ channel blockers:

 

Side effects 

Definition

Serious: Arrhythmias, CHF, Stevens-Johnsons syndrome

 

Common: Peripheral edema

Term

Cardizem - Ca++ channel blockers:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Pts receiving digoxin concurrently with calcium channel blockers should have routine serum digoxin levels checked and be monitored for s/s of digoxin toxicity. Monitor EKG continuously during admin. Report bradycardia or prolonged hypotension promptly. Assess for s/s of CHF (peripheral edema, rales/crackles, dyspnea, weight gain, JVD). Monitor serum K+ periodically. Hypokalemia increases the risk of arrhythmias and should be corrected.
Term

Cozaar - Angeiotensin II receptor blockers:

 

Action

Definition
Blocks vasoconstrictor and aldosterone producing effects of angiotensin II at receptor sites, including vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal glands. Results in lowering of BP, slowed progression of diabetic neuropathy, reduced cardiovascular death and hospitalizations due to CHF.
Term

Cozaar - Angeiotensin II receptor blockers:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Angioedema

 

Common: Dizziness, hypotension

Term

Cozaar - Angeiotensin II receptor blockers:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Emphasize importance of taking as directed, even if not feeling well. Caution pts to avoid salt substitutes containing K+ or food containing high levels of K+ or Na unless directed by HCP.
Term

Lisinopril:

 

Action

Definition
ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors also prevent the degradation of bradykin and other vasodilatory prostaglandins. Results in lowering of BP  in hpoertensive pts. Improved survival and decreased development of overt heart failure.
Term

Lisinopril:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Agranulocytosis, angioedema

 

Common: Cough, hypotension, taste disturbances.

Term

Lisinopril:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Persistant dry cough may occur and may not subside until medication is discontinued.
Term

Nitroglycerin:

 

Action

Definition
Increases coronary blood flow by dilating coronary arteries and improving collateral flow to ischemic regions. Produces vasodilation (venous greater than arterial). Decreases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular end-distolic volume (preload). Results in relief or prevention of anginal attacks. Increased cardiac output. Reduction of blood pressure.
Term

Nitroglycerin:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Dizziness, headaches, hypotension, tachycardia.
Term

Nitroglycerin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
For IV, doses must be diluted and administered as an infusion. For PO, administer dose 1 hr before or 2 hrs after meals w/a full glass of water for faster absorption. For SL, tablet shod be held uder tongue until dissolved. For acute anginal attacks, advise pt to sit down and use med at first sign of attack. Relief usually occurs w/in first 5 mins. Dose may be repeated if pain isn't relieved in 5-10 mins. Call HCP or go to emergency room if anginal pain isn't relieved by 3 tabs in 15 mins.
Term

Dilantin:

 

Action

Definition
Limits seizure propagation by altering ion transport. May also decrease synaptic transmission. Antiarrhythmic properties as a result of shortening the action potential and decreasing autonomicity. Results in diminished seizure activity and termination of ventricular arrhythmias.
Term

Dilantin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Suicidal thoughts, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, Stevens-Johnson's syndrome.

 

Common: Ataxia, hypotension, diplopia, nystagmus, gingiva hyperplasia, nausea, hypertrichosis, rash.

Term

Dilantin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Implement seizure precautions. Advise pts that brands of phenytoin may not be equivilant. Advise pt not to take phenytoin w/in 2-3 hrs of antacid. Advise pt and family to notify HCP if thoughts of suicide or dying, attempts to commit suicide, new or worsening depression or anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, new or worsening aggression occur.
Term

Morphine Sulfate:

 

Action

Definition
Binds to opiate receptors in the CNS. Alters the perception and response to painful stimuli while producing generalized CNS depression.
Term

Morphine Sulfate:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Respiratory depression

 

Common: Confusion, sedation, constipation, hypotension

Term

Morphine Sulfate:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Regularly scheduled doses may be more effective than PRN administration.Coadministration with nonopiod analgesics may have additive analgesic effects and may permit lower doses. Emphasize the importance of aggressive prevention of constipation with morphine use. Monitor respiratory rate and LOC carefully with Morphine use.
Term

Neupogen:

 

Action

Definition
Binds to and stimulates the immature neutrophils to divide and differentiate. Also actiates mature neurophils. Resultsin decreased icidence of infection of patients who are netropenic from chemotherapy or other causes.
Term

Neupogen:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Medullary bone pain
Term

Neupogen:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Administer no earlier than 24 hours after cytotoxic chemo, at least 24 hours after bone marrow infusion and not during the 24 hours before administration of chemo. Monitor ANC. Therapy shouldn't be DCed until ANC >10,000 mm3.
Term

Neumega/Oprevlikin:

 

Action

Definition
Stimulates production of megakaryocyte and platelets.
Term

Neumega/Oprevlikin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Ventricular arrhythmias

 

Common: Dizziness, headache, insomnia, nervousness, weakness, conjunctival hemorrhage, cough, dyspnea, pleural effusions, atrial fibrillation, edema, palpitations, syncope, tachycardia, vasodilation, ventricular arrhythmias, anorexia, constipations, diarrhea, dyspepsia, mucositis, n/v, oral moniliasis, alopecia, ecchymoses, rash, bone pain, myalgia, chills, fever, infection, pain.

Term

Neumega/Oprevlikin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Therapy should be started w/in6-24 hrs after completion of chemo and continued for 10-21 days. Treatment should be Dced at least 2 days prior to next planned chemo cycle. Monitor platelet count prior tond periodically during therapy, especiay at expected nadir. Therapy is continued until postnadir platelet cound is ≥50,000 cells/mL.
Term

Epogen:

 

Action

Definition
Stimulates erythropoiesis, resulting in maintenance and elevation of RBCs, decreasing need for transfusions.
Term

Epogen:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, CHF, MI, stroke, thrombotic events

 

Common: Hypertension

Term

Epogen:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Institute seizure precautions in pts who experience >a 4-point increase in hematocrit in a 2 week period or exhibit any change in neuro status. Risk of seizures is greatest in first 90 days of therapy. Advise pt to notify HCP if s/s of blood clots (chest pain, SOB, cool or pale arm or leg, sonfusion, tuble speaking or understanding others speech, sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body) occur. Explain rationale for concurrent iron therapy.
Term

Arenesp/Darbepoetin:

 

Action

Definition
Stimulates erythropoiesis, resulting in maintenance and elevation of RBCs, decreasing need for transfusions.
Term

Arenesp/Darbepoetin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, CHF, MI, stroke, thrombotic events

 

Common: Dizziness, headache, insomnia, nervousness, weakness, conjunctival hemorrhage, cough, dyspnea, pleural effusions, atrial fibrillation, edema, palpitations, syncope, tachycardia, vasodilation, ventricular arrhythmias, anorexia, constipations, diarrhea, n/v, myalgia, fever.

Term

Arenesp/Darbepoetin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Institute seizure precautions in pts who experience >a 1.0 g/dL increase in hempglobin in a 2-week period or who exhibit any change in neuro status.
Term

Acyclovir:

 

Action

Definition
Interfers with viral DNA synthesis, resulting in inhibition of viral replication, decreased viral shedding and reduced time for healing of lesions. Used in recurrent genital herpes infections, chickenpox.
Term

Acyclovir:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, renal failure, Stevens-Johnsons syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome.

 

Common: Dizziness, headache, diarrhea, n/v, pain, phlebitis.

Term

Acyclovir:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Acyclovir treatment should be started as soon as possible after herpes simplex symptoms appear and within 24 hours of a herpes zoster outbreak. Inform pt that med isn't a cure. The virus lies dormant in the ganglia and acyclovir will not prevent the spread of infection to others. Advise pt that condoms should be used during sexual contact and that no sexual contact should be made when lesions are present.
Term

Azithromycin:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits protein synthesis resulting in bacteriostatic action agains susceptible organisms.
Term

Azithromycin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Pseudomembranous colitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, angioedema

 

Common: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea.

Term

Azithromycin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt Teaching

Definition
If administering PO, take one hour before or two hours after meals.
Term

Doxycycline:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis resulting in bacteriostatic action agains susceptible organisms.
Term

Doxycycline:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Pseudomembranous colitis,

 

Common: dizziness, vestibular reactions, diarrhea, n/v, photosensitivity.

Term

Doxycycline:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
May cause yellow-brown discoloration of teethand bones if administered prenatally and during early childhood. Avoid taking antacids, zinc, calcium, magnesium or aluminum containing meds, sodium bicarb or iron supplements w/in 1-3 hours of oral tetracyclines.
Term

Methonidazole (Flagyl):

 

Action

Definition
Disrupts DNA and protein synthesis in susceptible organisms, resulting in bacteriocidal, trichomonacidal or amedicidal action.
Term

Methonidazole (Flagyl):

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, Stevens-Johnsons syndrome.

 

Common: Dizziness, headache, aseptic meningitis, encephalopathy, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea.

Term

Methonidazole (Flagyl):

 

Assessment/Monioring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
For PO admin, can be administered with food or milk to minimize gastric upset. Advise pt to notify HCP if no improvement in a few days or if s/s of a superinfection (black, furry overgrowth on tongue, vaginal itching or discharge, loose or foul-smelling stools) develop. Med may cause an unpleasant metalic taste.
Term

Ceftriaxone:

 

Action

Definition
Binds to bacterial cell wall, causing cell death.
Term

Ceftriaxone:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Seizures, psuedomembranous colitis, Stevens-Johnsons syndrome, anaphylaxis, serum sickness.

 

Common: Diarrhea, n/v, rashes, pain at IM site, phlebitis.

Term

Metformin:

 

Action

Definition
Decreases hepatic glucose production. Decreases intestinal glucose absorption. Results in maintenance of blood glucose.
Term

Metformin:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Lactic acidosis

 

Common: Abdominal bloating, diarrhea, n/v

Term

Metformin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Metformin should be temporariy DCed in pts requiring surgery involving restricted intake of food and fluids. Pts stabalized on a diabetic regimen who are exposed to stress, fever, trauma, infection or surgery may require administration of insulin. Withhold metformin and reinstitute after resolution of acute episode.
Term

Glipizide - sulfonyureas:

 

Action

Definition
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas and increasing the sensitivity to insulin at receptor sites. May also decrease hepatic glucose production.
Term

Glipizide - sulfonyureas:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Aplastic anemia

 

Common: Photosensitivity, hypoglycemia

Term

Glipizide - sulfonyureas:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Concurrent use of alcohol may cause a disulfiram-like reaction (abdominal cramps, nausea, flushing, headaches and hypoglycemia).
Term

Sitagliptin:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 which slows the inactivaton of incretin hormones, resulting in increased levels of active incretin hormones. These homones are released by the intestine throughout the day anare involved in regulation of glucose homeostasis. Increased/prolonged incretin levels, increase insulin release and decrease glucagon levels.
Term

Sitagliptin:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: Pancreatitis
Term

Sitagliptin:

 

Assessments/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Monitor for s/s of pancreatitis (n/v, anorexia, persistent severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to the back) durintherapy. If pancreatitis occurs, DC med and monitor serum and urine amylase, amylase/creatinine clearance ratio, electrolytesserumcalcium, glucose and lipase.
Term

Acarbose:

 

Action

Definition
Lowers blood glucose by inhibiting the enzyme alpha-glucsidase in the GI tract. Delays andreduces glucose absorption. Results in lowering of blood glucose in diabetic patients, especially ostprandial hyperglycemia.
Term

Acarbose:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence
Term

Pioglitazone:

 

Action

Definition
Improves sensitivity to insulin by acting as an agonist at receptor sites involved in insulin responsiveness and subsequent glucose producon and utilization. Resultins in decreased insin resistance, resulting in glycemic control without hypoglycemia.
Term

Pioglitazone:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: CHF
Term

Pioglitazone:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Assess for s/s of heart failure (edema, dyspnea, rapid weight gain, unusual tiredness). Monitor CBC with differential periodically during therapy. May cause decrease in H&H, usually during first 4-12 wks of therapy. Advise pt to ntify HCP if s/s of hepatic dysfunction (n/v, abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia, dark urine, jaundice) or CHF (edema, SOB, rapid weigh gain, tiredness) occur.
Term

Insulin - Novolog (aspart):

 

Action

Definition
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and fat, inhibiting hepatic production of glucose. Inhibits lypolysis and proteolysis, enhanced protein synthesis. These are rapid-acting insulins with a more rapid onset and shorter duration than regular insulin, should be used with an intermediate or long acting insulin.
Term

Insulin - Novolog (aspart):

 

Nursing Implications

Definition
Onset within 15 mins. Peak 1-3 hrs, duration 3-5 hrs. Administer 5-10 minutes before a meal. Insulin aspart may be mixed with NPH. When mixing insulins, draw insulin aspart into syringe first to avoid contamination of rapid-acting insulin vial.
Term

Insulin - Humalin R:

 

Action

Definition
Control of hyperglycemia in pts with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, can bused to treat diabetic ketoacidosis. Lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat, inhibiting hepatic glucose productin.
Term

Insulin - Humalin R (Regular):

 

Nursing Implications

Definition
Onset 30-60 mins, Peak 2-4 hours, Duration 5-7 hous. Administer regular insuin 15-30 minutes before meal. Prior to withdrawing dose, rotate vial between palms to ensure uniform solution; do not shake. When mixing insulins, draw regular insulin into syringe first to avoid contamination of regular insulin vial.
Term

Insulin - Humalin N (NPH):

 

Action

Definition
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and fat, inhibiting hepatic production of glucose. Inhibits lypolysis and proteolysis, enhanced protein synthesis.
Term

Insulin - Humalin N (NPH):

 

Nursing Implications

Definition
Onset 1-2 hours, peak 4-12 hours, duration 18-24 hours. Administer NHP insulin within 30-60 mins before a meal. Prior to withdrawing dose, rotate vial between palms to ensure uniform solution; do not shake. When mixing insulins, draw insulin aspart, glulisin, lispro or regular insulin into syringe first to avoid contamination of regular insulin vial.
Term

Insulin - Humulin 70/30 (NPH/regular insulin mixture):

 

Action

Definition
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and fat, inhibiting hepatic production of glucose. Inhibits lypolysis and proteolysis, enhanced protein synthesis.
Term

Insulin - Humulin 70/30 (NPH/regular insulin mixture):

 

Nursing Implications

Definition
Onset 30 minutes, peak 4-8 hrs, duration 24 hours.
Term

Insulin - Humalog 75/25 (Insulin lispro suspension/insulin lispro injection mixture):

 

Action

Definition
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and fat, inhibiting hepatic production of glucose. Inhibits lypolysis and proteolysis, enhanced protein synthesis.
Term

Insulin - Humalog 75/25 (Insulin lispro suspension/insulin lispro injection mixture):

 

Nursing Implications

Definition
Onset 15-30 mins, peak 2.8 hours, duration 24 hours.
Term

Insulin - Lantus (glargine):

 

Action

Definition
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and fat, inhibiting hepatic production of glucose. Inhibits lypolysis and proteolysis, enhanced protein synthesis.
Term

Insulin - Lantus (glargine):

 

Nursing Implications

Definition
Onset 3-4 hrs, peak none, duration 24 hrs.
Term

Sandostatin:

 

Action

Definition
Suppresses secretion of serostatin and gastroenterohepatic peptides, increases absorption of fluid and electrolytes from the GI tract and increases transit time. Decreases levels of serotonin metabolites. Also suppresses growth hormone, insulin and glucagon. Results in control of severe flushing and diarrhea associated with GI endocrine tumors.
Term

Sandostatin:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: Ileus
Term

Sandostatin:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Do not use solution that is discored or contains particulate matter. Ampules should be refrigerated but may be stored at room temp for days they will be used.
Term

Desmopressin (DDAVP):

 

Action

Definition
An analogue of naturally occuring vasopressin (ADH). Primary action is enhanced reabsorption of H2O in the kidneys. Results in prevention of nocturnal enuresis, maintenance of appropriate body water content in diabetes insipidus and control of bleeding in certain types of hemophilia or von Willebrand's disease.
Term

Desmopressin (DDAVP):

 

Side Effects

Definition
Serious: Seizures
Term

Desmopressin (DDAVP):

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Advise pt to notify HCP if bleeding is not controlled or if headache, dyspnea, heartburn, nausea, abdominal cramps, vuval pain or severe nasal congestion or irritation occurs. Advise pt that rhinitis or URI may decrease effectiveness of this therapy. If increased urine output occurs, pt should contact HCP for dosage adjustment.
Term

Propylthiuracil:

 

Action

Definition
Inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones, resulting in decreased s/s of hyperthyroidism.
Term

Propylthiuracil:

 

Side Effects

Definition

Serious: Hepatotoxicity, agranulocytosis

 

Common: N/V, rash

Term

Propylthiuracil:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt. Teaching

Definition
Monitor response of s/s of hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis (tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, insomnia, fever, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, weight loss, tremors, diarrhea). Assess pt for development of hypothyroidism (intolerance to cold, constipation, dry skin, headache, listlessness, tiredness or weakness). Dose adjustment may be required. Thyroid function studies should be monitored prior to therapy, monthy during therapy and every 2-3 mos throughout therapy. Agranulocytosis may develop rapily and usually occurs durg first 2 mos. This necessitates DC of therapy.
Term

Levothyroxine:

 

Action

Definition
Replacement of supplementation of endogenous thyroid hormones. Principle effect is increasing metabolic rate of body tissues. Promote gluconeogenesis, increases utilization and mobilization of glycogen stores, stimulates protein synthesis, promotes cell growth and differentiation, aids in the development of the brain and CNS. REsults in replacement in hypothyroidism to restore normal hormonal balance. Suppression of thyroid cancers.
Term

Levothyroxine:

 

Side Effects

Definition
Common: Nervousness.
Term

Levothyroxine:

 

Assessment/Monitoring/Pt Teaching

Definition
Initial dose is low, especially in geriatric and cardiac patients. Dose is gradually increased based on thyroid function tests. Advise pt to notify health care professional if headache, nervousnes, diarrhea, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, chest pain, increased pulse rate, palpitations, weight loss >2 lbs/week, or any unusual smptoms occur.
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