Object Relational DBMS

or 

OR-DMBS

SDBMS

Spatial Database Management System

• a software module that can work with an underlying DBMS
• SDBMS support multiple spatial data models, commensurate spatial abstract data types, and a query language from which these ADTs are callable
• SDBMS support spatial indexing, efficient algorithms for spatial operations and domain specific rules for query optimization

• object model is conceptual, it is mapped onto the computer using the vector data structure. a vector data structure maps regions into polygons, lines into polylines, and points to points
• Raster data structure implements the filed data model on a computer

meet is an example of a topological property; area is not

find all objects that have topological relation r to a given object

What is the topological relation between A and B

Entities are

Attributes are

Relationships are

represented as boxes

as ovals connected to boxes

as diamond boxes

elements that cannot be defined by one of the basic shapes.

Cardinality is used to quantify multiple shapes

ANSI SQL with 

JET SQL with

shared geodatabase data

personal geodatabase data

• represents discrete objects as vector features, continuous phenomena as rasters, surfaces as TINs, and references to places as locators and addresses
• stores shapes of features and ArcInfo provides functions for performing spatial operations such as finding objects nearby, touching, or intersecting

• limitless flexibility in scaling databases
• utilize the relational database of your choice
• can serve geographic data from UNIX or Windows
• can build OGC
• can build SQL

1. establish trade area size and boundary
2. estimate competing supply
3. measure demand
4. compile report and present the analysis

1930s geographer

uses analog and customer spotting methods

factors for evaluating store sites and how location quality affects store rents

enables consideration of unserved trade areas and overlapping trade areas

Applebaum- first systematic retail forecasting system based on empirical data

performances can be measured by market share and per capita sales penetration

Many explanatory variables can be included in assessment

Potential development sites can be compared and ranked according to expected performance

Radial Distance approach - rings, convenient but not accurate

Drive-time approach - transportation network strongly influences customer travel behavior

T_ij = P_iP_j / d_ij

Gravity Model Relationship

T_ij - total interaction between places i and j

P_i - population count for place i

P_j - population count for place j

d_ij - distance seperating places i and j

• allows us to draw trade area boundaries around cities using the distance between the cities and the population of each city

• mapping customer density and identifying market boundaries
• based on location customer areas to determine trade area, rather than physical store location and characteristics

Logical Level

Conceptual Level

Research Area

relational model based on tables

ex. oracle, informix, IBMD32, Microsoft Access

like a class = set of similar entities 

represented by a rectangle

properties of entities in an entity set

represented by an oval

connect two or more entity sets

represented in the table

up to n-1 gridcells

N = number of cells in a grid

• Put one layer on top of second
• new values are the non-zero top layer values and the bottom layer values where the top is zero
• top layer - not zero - opaque
• bottom layer - zero - transparent

category of info that will be used to define limiting criteria

- annual, precip, costs of land, population

based on constraint establishing acceptability of the unit for a given factor

Advantageous because it is simple and easy to understand and technique is mandatory for planning applications

disadvantageous because all factors are treated as equally important

graduated screening

addition of factors

1. Determine Factors important for evaluating places
2. Collect Accurate Data representing factors
3. select appropriate suitability/capability technique and implement

1. Management Applications
2. Physical process models (parameters)

Real world observations

equivalent of attributes + other structural info such as keys

order of attributes is arbitrary

how to fix relations that are in violation of BCNF 

split relation into 2 or more smaller relations