Term
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Definition
| the study of the structures of the human body |
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| the study of structures as they appear to the naked eye |
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| the study of function of the human body |
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| the study of the effects of illness and injury on the human body |
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| AKA cytosol -specialized fluid surrounding the nucleus that gives the cell its shape and provides a medium within which various molecules can interact. |
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Definition
| specialized structures suspended in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| the overall inner balance maintained within the body despite environmental changes |
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| Cells are surrounded by a __________ environment and, in fact, are composed of _____________. |
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Definition
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| It is ____________that allows cells to engage in metabolism and maintain homeostasis. |
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Definition
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Definition
a substance that cannot be broken down further into simpler components
oxygen, hydrogen, iron, and calcium are examples of elements |
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Definition
| simplest unit of a element |
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Term
| Atoms consist of three types of subatomic particles:______, ______, and ______. |
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Definition
| neutrons, protons, and electrons |
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Term
| What charge does a neuron have? |
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Definition
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| What charge does a electron have? |
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Definition
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| What charge does a proton have? |
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Definition
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| Subatomic particles with a like charge will______ each other and particles with opposite charges will _______ each other. |
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Definition
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| An electrical current flows from an area of ______ electrical charge to an area of ______ electrical charge. |
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Definition
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| An atom (or groups of atoms) that can carry a positive or negative charge is called a ________. |
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Definition
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| An______is a substance that dissociates into negatively and positively charged ions when placed in water. |
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Definition
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| What four chemical elements comprise more than 99% of the body's atoms? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen(H), oxygen(O), carbon(C), nitrogen(N) |
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Term
| What are the most common cations in body fluid? |
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Definition
Na+ sodium, K+ potassium, Ca++calcium,
Mg++ Magnesium |
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Term
| What are the most common anion in the body fluid? |
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Definition
Cl- chloride, HCO3- bicarbonate,
HPO4 2- biphosphate, SO4 2- sulfate |
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Term
| The adult body is about _____% water by weight. |
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Definition
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Term
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
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Definition
| the total amount of water within the cells (about 75%) |
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Term
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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Definition
| fluid outside the cells, can be intravascular or interstitial fluid. |
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Definition
| the fluid that surrounds the cells within the tissues |
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| Formed particles, such as electrolytes, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, drugs, and other substances in water. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane along a gradient from lower to higher solute concentration |
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| The ability to "pull" water across the cell membrane from a less concentrated solution to the more concentration solution to equalize the two solutions |
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Definition
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Definition
| the higher concentration of proteins (Albumin) in the bloodstream 'Pulls" water back into the capillaries, forced out by hydrostatic pressure. |
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Definition
| osmotic pressure of IV fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| when a fluid is equal to body fluids in its amount of solutes |
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Term
| The osmolarity of body fluids is between ______ and ______ mOsm/L. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a more concentrated solution, higher in solutes Osmolarity > 350 mOsm/L |
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Definition
| a less concentrated solution, lower in solutes Osmolarity , 250 mOsm/L |
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Term
| ________ uses energy to move Na across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. |
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Definition
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Term
| If Na+ is not removed from the cell, water will enter in sufficient quantities and the cell will_______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to produce the greatest amount of energy with the least amount of toxic byproducts, the cell needs ______and ______. |
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Definition
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| _______ and ________ cells are more sensitive to depravation of oxygen and glucose. |
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Definition
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| the collection of chemical processes that allow the body to grow, reproduce, maintain and repair itself, and respond to its environment |
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Definition
| occurs when the body manufactures (synthesizes) more complex substances from simpler ones, requiring energy |
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Definition
| when the body breaks down complex substances into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process |
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| Energy production occurring in the cytoplasm of the cell where glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid without oxygen |
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Definition
glycolysis, anaerobic metabolism
Produces only a small amount of ATP (2 moles) |
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Term
| Aerobic metabolism taking place in the mitochondria that results in a larger amount of ATP (36 moles) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the potential of hydrogen, which is the measure of acid-base balance in the body. |
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Term
| The normal pH of body fluids is within a very narrow range, between ___ and ___. |
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Definition
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| The mechanism by which excess hydrogen ion is converted into substances that prevent acid accumulation |
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Definition
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Term
| A simple buffer system used in the body is the _______. |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system |
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Term
| The _____ also play a role inn acid-base balance, but the adjustments made by the _______ system are not as immediate as those made by the respiratory system. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ ________ is a chemical phenomenon that is reflected a difference in concentration of electrically charged particles (ions) on the inside and outside of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ move from an area in which electrons are more abundant to an area which they are less abundant. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ maintains a relatively negative charge with in the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When there is a difference in charge across the cell membrane |
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Definition
| When the imbalance of electrical charge reaches a certain point, electrolytes begin to move across the cell membrane to equalize the charge |
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Definition
| the movement of ions against their gradient, in the opposite direction that they would move on their own |
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Term
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Definition
| Channels (proteins)in the cell membrane that requires energy to move substances in and out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Channels (proteins) in the cell membrane that do not require energy to move substance in and out of the cell |
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Term
| The _______________ consist of a double layer of molecules called phospholipids. |
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Definition
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Term
| The core organelle within the cell is the _______, which houses DNA and RNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| A variation of Smooth Endoplastic Reticulum (SER),______ ______ is found with in the cytoplasm of muscle cells, where it is involve in the storing of calcium ions used in muscles contraction. |
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Definition
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| What are the four general types of tissues found in the human body? |
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Definition
| epithelial. connective, muscle, nervous |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial cells that line the inside of a structure, rather than the outside |
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Term
| Bone, cartilage, and adipose(fat) tissue are the three most common types of _______ tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three subtypes of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
| Skeletal, Smooth and muscle |
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Term
| __________ tissue consist of specialized cells that generate, receive, and transmit electrical impulses through out the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______contains the brain and connects inferiorly to the _________, which contains the spinal cord. Together those two cavities are called the______. |
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Definition
| cranial cavity, spinal cavity, dorsal body cavity |
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Term
| The dorsal body cavities contents are bathed in ______. |
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Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Term
| The ______ consists of the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ come together to from organs, which come together in ______ to serve specifics functions. |
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Definition
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| Cartilage that covers the end of bones at joins is smooth and lubricated by __________ produced within the joint. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are bands of connective tissue that connect bone to muscle. |
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Definition
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| _______ are bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone |
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Definition
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| ______ comprise the wrist and ankle and are roughly cube shaped. |
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Definition
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| ______ include the sternum, ribs, scapula, and pelvis. |
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Definition
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| ______ , such as the femur in the thigh, are found in the extremities. |
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Definition
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| Most of the flat and long bones have a central cavity,_______, which contains bone marrow. |
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Definition
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| The ______ is the shaft of a typical long bone. |
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Definition
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| The ______ is the ends of a typical long bone. |
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Definition
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| The ______ connects the diaphysis and the epiphysis. |
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Definition
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| In children, the _______ is where longitudinal bone growth occurs. |
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Definition
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| Bone cells are called ______. |
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Definition
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| Once a bone cell is encased in its secreted matrix (collagen and a mineral compound of calcium and phosphate) they become ______. |
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Definition
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| _________ skeleton consist of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. |
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Definition
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| __________ consists of bones of the upper and lower extremities (appendages), including the bones of the shoulder and pelvis that connect them with the axial skeleton. |
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Definition
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| The bones the comprise the inferior portion of the cranium, the floor of the cranial cavity, are called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The opening at the base of the skull, through which the spinal cord descends from the brainstem into the spinal canal, is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ bathes and cushion the brain from impact with the skull bones. |
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Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Term
| The spinal column consist ___ bones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the five regions of the spinal column. |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
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Term
| The first cervical vertebrae, C1, is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The second cervical vertebrae, C2, is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ cervical vertebrae in the most inferior, and can be felt at the back of the neck, just above the shoulders. |
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Definition
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| The spinal cord ends at approximately what level of the spine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the nerves that exit the spinal cord at the L2 level |
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Definition
| the most superior portion of the sternum |
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Term
| The most distal portion of the sternum is the ______. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The depression at the top edge of the manubrium. Serves as a useful anatomical landmark for medical procedures. |
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Term
| Name the three types of muscle tissue in the body. |
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Definition
| striated, smooth, cardiac |
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Term
| The largest organ in the body is the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three layers that the skin is composed of? |
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Definition
| epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous (hypodermis) |
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Term
| The function of the respiratory system is to obtain ______ needed for cell metabolism and eliminate _________ produced by cell metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
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| Respiration is divided into ______, which occurs in the alveoli, and ______, which occurs at the cellular level. |
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Definition
| external respiration, internal respirations |
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Term
| The air we breath is approximately ______%_______ and ________%_______ along with a variety of trace gases |
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Definition
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Term
| Expired air contains ___% oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gases diffuse along a gradient from an area of _______ pressure to ______pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| What three ways is carbon dioxide carried? |
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Definition
| In the form of bicarbonate, bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in plasm |
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Term
| Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve |
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Definition
| The relationship between PaO2 and hemoglobin saturation-At the cellular level, where PaO2 is lower, oxygen is released more readily to the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure od a fixed quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume |
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Term
| The lower airway begins at the _________. |
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Definition
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| The larynx is commonly called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The opening between the vocal cords is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ is the entrance to the lower airway. |
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Definition
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Term
| The trachea divides, or ______, into the left and right bronchi at the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The lungs are covered with a thin membrane called the ______, which folds over itself to form the ______ that lines the inner thoracic cavity. |
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Definition
| visceral pleura, parietal pleura |
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Term
| A small amount of _________ is secreted into the potential space between the two pleura layers. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pleura allow for a single opening, called the ______, on the medial aspect of each lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ nerve, which originate in the spinal cord at the ______ level, stimulates the diaphragm. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the volume of air inhaled in, a typical breath. |
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Definition
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| ______ is straw colored liquid that comprises slightly half the body of blood. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| The process by which red blood cells are developed is a form of hematopoiesis called ______. |
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Definition
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| Typical life span for a red blood cell is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _________ is the percentage by volume of formed elements of blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the essential component of red blood cells that allow them to transport oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Small proteins which establish an A, B, AB, or O blood type. |
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Term
| Type____ is the universal donor because the donated blood has no antigens and type ______ is the universal recipient because the recipient has no antibodies. |
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Definition
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| The presence or absence of ______ is what is referred to when a blood type is called positive or negative. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerated allergic response |
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Term
| The immume system can be grossly divided into two functional components:_______ and ______. |
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Definition
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| The ______ immune system recognizes material as either part of self or foreign (not-self). |
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Definition
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| The ______ system uses B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, as well as antibodies, to tailor the immune response to specific antigens. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The process by which the body stops bleeding. |
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Term
| Hemostasis has three stages______, ______, and ______. |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, fibrin clot formation |
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Term
| Trace blood flow through the heart |
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Definition
| Superior and inferior vena cave, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta |
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Term
| Cardiac conduction system |
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Definition
| SA node, AV node, bundle of his, Purkinje fibers |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| The ability of the heart to self-depolarize in order to initiate its own electrical activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| the more the myocardium is stretched from the preload, the more force with which the myocardium will contract, and the larger the stroke volume. |
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Term
| _______ is the resistance against which the heart must contract with each beat, and is determined primarily by systemic vascular resistance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The walls of arteries are constructed of _____ layers, called tunics. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three layers of an artery. |
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Definition
| tunica intima (or interna), tunica media, tunica externa |
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Term
| ______ are microscopic vessels traversing the tissues to provide cells a means for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hepatic portal circulation |
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Definition
| nutrient laden blood from the GI tract goes first to the liver for removal of toxins and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| The provision of oxygenated blood to the cellular level in amounts adequate to meet their metabolic needs. |
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Term
| Two signs of shock associate with blood loss are ______ and the ______,______skin that results from vasoconstriction. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons communicate by way of chemicals called______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The general function of the ______ is to mediate the "fight or flight" response to stressors. |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| The general function of the ______ is to manage the everyday functions of life, such as digestion and sexual functions. |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What are the three main groups of neurons? |
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Definition
| sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons |
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Term
| ______ are connecting neurons in the CNS that allow communication between neurons to integrate sensory information and coordinate a motor response. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the microscopic gap that serves as a junction between two neurons, or between a neuron and a target tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| The brain is contained within the ______, where it is cushioned by ______ and surrounded by three layers of membranes called ______. |
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Definition
| Cranium, CSF, the meninges |
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Term
| The innermost meningeal layer, which is adherent to the brain, is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The middle layer, so called for its spider web-like appearance, is called______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ between the pia mater and the arachnoid layers contain the CSF that surround the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the tougher outermost layer, which is continuous with the periosteum surface of the skull. |
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Term
| The ______ is the center of consciousness and higher thought, and is where decision making takes place. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ is an egg-size structure in the center of the brain that is the central coordination center for signals traveling between the cerebrum and spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ projects into the pituitary gland and has a role in various hormones of the endocrine system. |
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Definition
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Term
| The brainstem, which sits below the cerebrum, consist of the ______, ______,and _______. |
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Definition
| midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
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Term
| The _____________ is an interconnected network of neurons in the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebrum that is responsible for consciousness, sleep-awake cycles, and attention. |
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Definition
| Reticular activating system (RAS) |
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Term
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Definition
| vasoconstriction, pupil dilation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increases heart rate, conductivity, contractility, and automaticity |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle relaxation allowing bronchodilation and arteriolar dilation |
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Term
| The _______ is the master gland that secretes trophic hormones that control the secretion of other hormones throughout the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alpha cells found within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas do what? |
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Definition
| Secrete the hormone glucagon in response to low blood sugar levels. |
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Term
| Beta cells found within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas do what? |
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Definition
| Secrete the hormone insulin in response to high blood sugar levels |
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Term
| Delta cells found within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas do what? |
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Definition
| Secrete the hormone somatostatin, which inhibits the release of digestive hormones and insulin and glucagon. |
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Term
| The ______ are small pyramid-shaped structures on top of each kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each adrenal gland has two parts:______ and ______ |
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Definition
| the outer cortex , inner medulla |
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Term
| The outermost layer of the cortex of the adrenal glands secretes what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The middle layer of the cortex of the adrenal glands secretes what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The inner layer of the cortex of the adrenal glands secretes what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ is a muscular container that found in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. |
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Definition
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Term
| The small intestines are divided into three parts:______, ______, and the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are the functional cells of the liver, performing the tasks of the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each kidney contains more than a million microscopic units called ______, whose responsibility is toe filter blood, manage electrolytes, and excrete waste as urine. |
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Definition
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