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Definition
• Freedom from torture
• Legal protection of private property
• Freedom of thought, conscience, religion, peaceful assembly, association
• Representative democracy based on universal suffrage
• Right to work in a safe environment
• Equal pay for equal work
• Adequate standard of living for healthy life
• Social insurance against old age, disability,
unemployment
• Right to education |
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Term
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Definition
failure of existing policies (most current crime control proposals are nonsense)
-lack of understanding of cjs
-policies with no relation to reality |
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waging "War" is the wrong way to fight crime
-raises unrealistic expectations
-we will never fully eliminate crime
-demonizes criminals as people apart from the rest of us.
-has lead to negative effects on racial and ethnic minority communities |
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| Race and the war on crime |
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Definition
-african americans represent 13% of the pop and make up 35% of all people arrested for drug offenses and 55% of those convicted of drug crimes
-has been waged mostly in ghetto communities, resulting in a racial under class |
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| Effective crime control policies |
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Definition
- evidence based crime control
-reasonableness of goals: dont expect quick and dramatic changes. a serious of different policies each one focusing on a dif aspect
-soundness of techniques |
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| False assumptions about how the criminal justice system works |
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| most crime ideas are based on |
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-crime control through policy intervention and social engineering
-classic picture of justice: crime is committed, offender is arrested, and properly punished. |
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-portrays a chaotic criminal justice system in which there is not law, order, or justice.
-everything is a mess: not fair |
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-too many civil rights to criminals. No rational or scientific basis for decisions made in the criminal justice system
-criminals are not punished for their crimes: they are not arrested, get charges dropped, or obtain early release. Lawyers try to beat the system |
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Definition
-the chaos of the cjs hide systematic discrimination:
the poor are punished whereas "respectable" offenders get off easy
-the can be seen in arrests, plea bargains, and sentencing. |
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provides a better interpretation of how the justice system handles routine cases on a day-to-day basis.
-Acknowledgement of problems and evidence based crime control policies |
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Definition
| focus on acts that are in violation of the criminal law (particularly acts of violence, theft, and drug use) |
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Definition
| these acts are explained by an individual's characteristics and by the characteristics of the individual's immediate environment (school experience, peer association) |
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| usually tested through surveys and further analysis |
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| little consideration on how race, gender, and class shape life experiences and outcomes |
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| Mainstream criminology recommends that crime be controlled by: |
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Definition
1. rehabilitating offenders
2. preventing crime among at-risk individuals
3. punishing criminals in a more effective manner |
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focus on a much broader range of crimes
-including many acts that are not in violation of the criminal law.
--frequently committed by organizations such as corporations and states |
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| crimes explained in terms of larger social forces, particularly the efforts of certain groups to maintain their privileged position, oppressing others in the process. |
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race, gender, and class play a central role in explanations
-define the larger social conflicts that result in crime |
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survey research rarely used
-rely on historical and comparative analysis, observation, and intensive interviews (more qualitative) |
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| critical criminology recommends that crime be controlled by |
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Definition
| altering the larger social environment in ways that reduce oppression |
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-this division has hurt the field and the society
-undermines efforts to develop an understandable framework for the analysis of crime
-explains why criminologists are unable to explain most of the variation in crime |
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Definition
prevents criminologists from agreeing on recommendations for controlling crime
---american society of criminology avoids making policy recommendations
-has potential to overcome these problems |
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Definition
| focuses on each of the core characteristics of crime, specifically what is harmful and what is blameworthy |
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| Application of integrated criminology |
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Definition
behaviors classified according to the characteristics:
1. blameworthy harms
2. condemned by the public
3. sanctioned by the state |
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| core characteristics of crime (integrated) |
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Definition
1. blameworthy harms
2. condemned by the public
3. sanctioned by the state |
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| advantages of integrated criminology |
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Definition
1.identifies core characteristics of crime
2. provides a reasonable level of precision
3.captures key insights from different perspectives
4.parsimonious
5.suggests new research |
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| advantage 1 : identifies core characteristics of crime that are universally applicable |
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Definition
| provides direction and gives criminologists a better idea of what they are trying to explain and control |
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| advantage 2:: provides a reasonable level of precision |
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| allows for the identification of blameworthy harms, many of which aren't defined as crimes, which links to the field of human rights. |
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| advantage 3: it captures key insights from different perspectives |
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Definition
| draws on the many different approaches, since each has something critical to offer |
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| advantage 4: it is parsimonious (Stingy) |
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Definition
| allows researchers to capture most of the key insights of crime and also of other approaches |
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| advantage 5: it suggests a range of new research questions for criminology, many with major policy implications |
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Definition
encourages open discussion and research on each of the core characteristics of crime
--encourages investigation of the relationship between the different characteristics of crime. |
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| 3 issues with the death penalty |
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Definition
1. moral question of whether it is a just form of punishment
2.whether the death penalty is constitutional
3. does the death penalty deter crime |
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| The national academy of science |
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Definition
| concluded that there was no persuasive evidence about whether capital punishment has any effect on homicide rates. |
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