Term
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Definition
1. Decoding
2. Assign Meaning
3. Social Construction of Reality
4. Enculturation = Recreation of reality |
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Term
| Gerbner: Creating Meaning |
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Definition
1. What things are
2. How things work
3. What to do about them |
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Term
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Definition
1. Religion
2. Family / Experience
3. Education
4. Media (Mass) |
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Term
| Dance (1970) - Critical Communication Definition Differentiation |
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Definition
1. Abstractness
2. Intentionality
3. Judgement |
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Term
| Dance: Level of Abstractness |
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Definition
Broad VS. Restrictive
Broad: think sense making
Restrictive: think military |
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Term
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Definition
Intent VS. None
Intention: think strategic communication; with goals
No intention: think you cannot not communicate; yawning |
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Term
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Definition
SOURCE ===///MESSAGE///===> RECEIVER
(CHANNEL) (NOISE) |
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Term
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Definition
Success VS. None
Success: think both participants "get" something; exchange
None: think satellite; transmission |
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Term
| Communication Definition Importance |
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Definition
1. No right / wrong
2. Different functions
3. Investigations need different definitions
4. Def. = TOOLS used flexibly |
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Term
| Academic Study of Communication |
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Definition
1. Since industrialization: business, politics
2. Key: More comm. in more ways than ever before
3. Post WWI: Advances in tech
4. Propaganda + Persuasion
5. Rise of Social Sciences
6. WESTERN perspective |
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Term
| Psychology's Definition of Communication |
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Definition
| Comm. is a particular kind of behavior, motivated by different psych. processes |
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Term
| Sociological Definition of Communication |
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Definition
| Communication is one of many social factors important to society |
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Term
| Anthropology's Definition of Communication |
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Definition
| Comm. is a factor that helps develop, maintain, and change cultures |
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Term
| Communication Definition of Communication |
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Definition
1. All Behavior
2. The Social Factor
3. The Factor in changing Cultures |
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Term
| Eastern VS. Western Communication |
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Definition
Individualism (scientific method) VS. Collectivism (holistic world view)
Rational thinking = (re)created relationships through comm.
Verbal Symbology (speech) downplayed and viewed with skepticism / Intuitive insight and learning from direct experience is more valued |
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Term
| Western Tradition of Communication |
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Definition
1. Common understanding of tension points among theories
2. Commitment to manage these tensions through dialog
3. Theories are statements of an argument of a particular approach; theories are a form of discourse |
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Term
| Inquiry: Basic Model (Figure) |
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Definition
QUESTIONS
/ \
THEORY_____OBSERVATION |
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Term
| Inquiry: Basic Model (Def.) |
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Definition
1. Attempt to find out what something is in an ORDERLY way
2. Questions; observe phenomena' CONSTRUCT answers |
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Term
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Definition
1. Philosophical Assumptions
2. Concepts
3. Explanations
4. Principles |
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Term
| Theory: Philosophical Assumptions |
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Definition
1. Epistomology | KNOW (Truth vs. truth)
2. Ontology | REAL
3. Axiology | VALUES |
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Term
| Philosophical Assumptions: Epistemology |
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Definition
Study of KNOWLEDGE, or how people know what they claim to know.
(Truth{KNOW}Belief)
Knowledge before existence?
Truth VS. truth
UNIVERSAL INDIVIDUAL
Source of Knowledge:
1. Rationalism
2. Empiricism
3. Constructionism
4. Social Construction
Conceived in parts or wholes?
Holistic VS. Analysis
Explicit Knowledge?
Conscious VS. Unconscious |
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Term
| Rationalism (Epistemology) |
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Definition
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Term
| Empiricism (Epistemology) |
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Definition
| knowledge arises in perception |
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Term
| Construction (Epistemology) |
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Definition
| Knowledge is created to function |
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Term
| Social Construction (Epistemology) |
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Definition
| knowledge is product of social interaction |
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Term
| Philosophical Assumptions: Ontology |
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Definition
Study of the nature of being REAL
Human decisions?
Determinism VS. Pragmatism
Human behavior best understood in states or traits?
Temporary VS. Permanent
Human EXP individual or social? (Interaction)
Communication contextual?
universal vs. situational |
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Term
| Philosophical Assumptions: Axiology |
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Definition
Study of VALUES
Theory value free?
neutrality VS. influence
Does Inquiry affect what is being seen?
(Influence)
Function of Scholarship
Change VS. Simple Knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
1. Things grouped into categories according to observed qualities
2. Humans are conceptual beings, concepts tell us what theorists consider important
3. Variables in human comm. are labeled according to perceived patterns |
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Term
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Definition
1. Identification of regularities in relationships among variables
2. Answers: Why?
3. Things are often associated; probable relationship
4. Causal (DETERMINISM) explanation VS. Practical Explanation |
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Term
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Definition
Guidelines that enable us to interpret an event, make judgement about what is happening, and decide how to act.
1. Identify a situation / event
2. Include a set of norms or values
3. Assert a comon connection between a range of actions + possible consequences
Example:
1. Young people involved in sexual situations
2. Influence of one's family situation (parental divorce) is IMPORTANT
3. Parents should consider the impact that their choices have on children
(Permit a researcher to reflect on the quality of actions observed + provide guidelines for practices) |
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Term
| Nomothetic VS. Practical Theory |
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Definition
NOMO: Universal, general laws
PRAC: Theories are historical / reflect the setting / times in which they are created |
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Term
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Definition
1. Accurately depicts how the world is
2. Relies on agreement
3. All observers trained the same, with same methods, will see same thing. |
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Term
| Nomothetic Philosophical Assumptions |
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Definition
1. Physical reality distinct from human being
2. Value-neutral
3. Behavior is determined by, and response to, bio + environment (DETERMINISM) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Operationalized: Stated in ways that explain exactly how to observe them)
2. Relies on precise, numeric indicators
3. VALIDITY: the degree to which an observation measures what it's supposed to measure
4. RELIABILITY: The degree to which the construct is measured accurately (consistently) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Almost always causal, linear relationship between cause + effect
2. Covering Laws, which can predict future events
3. Prediction = power over nature |
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Term
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Definition
| Real world made of real things w/ true characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
1. Theories affect the reality they are covering / create the possibility of self-fulfilling prophecies
2. Theories are value-laden, theorists need to acknowledge |
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Term
| Practical Theory: Philosophical Assumption |
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Definition
1. People take active role in creating knowledge --> arises from interaction between the known and unknown
2. Individuality with delivery. Intention, goal directed.
3. Value - Conscious |
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Term
| Traditions of Communication Theory |
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Definition
1. Semiotics
2. Phenomenology
3. Cybernetics
4. Sociopsychological
5. Sociocultural
6. Critical
7. Rhetorical |
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Term
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Definition
1. Semantics
2. Syntactics
3. Pragmatics |
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Term
| Triad of Meaning (Ogden + Richards) |
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Definition
THOUGHT / REFERENCE
/ \
SYMBOL/SIGN---------REFERENT/OBJECT
---- = Human Made |
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Term
| Semantics (Semiotic Tradition) |
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Definition
| How signs relate to their referents, or what signs stand for: "What does a sign represent?" |
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Term
| Syntactics (Semiotic Tradition) |
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Definition
| Study of relationships between signs; the rules by which we combine signs in complex systems of meaning |
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Term
| Pragmatics (Semiotic Tradition) |
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Definition
| How signs make a difference in people's lives, or the practical use + effects of signs + their impact on social life |
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Term
| Phenomenological Tradition |
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Definition
Way through which humans understand world by direct EXP
THREE BASICS:
1. Knowledge is found directly in conscious EXP
2. Meaning of a thing consists of the potential of that thing in one's life
3. Language is the vehicle of meaning
INTERPRETATION is the active process of assigning meaning to an EXP; you can't separate REALITY FROM INTERPRETATION. |
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Term
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Definition
| We must be disciplined in how we EXP the world, put aside our biases |
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Term
| Phenomenology of PERCEPTION |
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Definition
| People give meaning to things in the world, all EXP is subjective |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex systems in which many interacting elements influence one another |
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Term
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Definition
| Interacting components that form something more than their sum |
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Term
| Basic System Theory (Cybernetics) |
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Definition
| Observe + objectively measure the forces among parts of the system |
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Term
| Sociopsychological Tradition |
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Definition
Studies the individual social behavior, psychological variables, individual effects, personalities + traits, perception, and cognition.
FOCUS on persuasion, attitude change, insight into human info processing
"Science of Communication" |
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Term
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Definition
| Observing a system will affect the way it functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on feedback loops, how systems maintain control, achieve balance |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Behaviorism
2. Cognitive Theory
3. Communibiology |
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Term
| Behaviorism (Sociopsychology) |
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Definition
| Examine relationship between comm., personality, and learning (especially rewarding and punishing behavior) |
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Term
| Cognitive Theory (Sociopsychology) |
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Definition
| How humans acquire, store, process info in a way that leads to behavior |
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Term
| Communibiology (Sociopsychology) |
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Definition
| Study of comm. from biological perspective brain function + structure | neurochemistry and genetic factors |
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