Definition Ethos

Character of the speaker.

Credibility, Authority, trustworthiness, goodwill toward audience.

Definition Pathos

Appealing to the audience's emotions or sensibilities

Definition Logos

Organized in content. 

Logic and structure.

Reasonable in mind of audience.

Types of Arguments

Inductive and Deductive

Types of Inductive Arguments

Argument by Example

Argument by Analogy

Argument by Causal Correlation

Types of Deductive Arguments

Argument by Sign

Argument by Causal Generalization

Definition

Inductive Argument

Reasoning from a particular case to generalizations

Type of Inductive Argument 

Argument from Example

What is true of the part, is true of the whole

What is true of several examples, is true of a larger phenomenon

Argument from example validity tests

• Are there sufficient number of examples (part), to make valid claims about whole?
• Are the examples (part) sufficiently typical of or relevant to the whole? 
• Are there any counter examples?

Argument from example Fallacy

Hasty Generalization

• Making sweeping claims from an insufficient sample 
• Moving too quickly from specific to general
• Using insufficient cases
• Cases not similar enough
• Not accounting for or ignoring significant differences among cases
• Annecdotes /personal experiences used as a basis for a claim about all similar situations

Type of Inductive Argument 

Argument from analogy

Things alike in a alot of respects, will be alike in particular rescpects

Types of arguments from analogy

Literal analogy

Draws direct comparisons, parallels

Types of arguments from analogy

Figurative analogy

Takes things from different spheres of reality and compares the relationship between them

Argument from analogy validity test

• Adequate description of compared characteristics
• Do the similarities outweigh the dissimilarities

Argument from analogy fallacy

False analogy

• Different in kind
• Not similar enough
• Ignores or fails to account for significant differences
• Compares "apples to oranges"

Type of Inductive Argument 

Argument from Causal Correlation

One phenomenon has influence on another

Argument from causal correlation validity test

• Is the causality consistent?
• What is the strength of the correlation?
• Regular and predictable sequence?
• Is the relationship coherent?

Argument from causal correlation Fallacy 

Non sequitur ("it does not follow")

The proposed causality is not likely / possible

Argument from causal correlation Fallacy

Post hoc ergo propter hoc ("after this, therefore, because of this") 

Confusing a sequence of events with cause and effect

Types of proof

Artistic (internal)

• Created by the rhetorician
• Often determined by the values and beliefs of a community

Types of proof

Inartistic (external)

From outside the rhetorician

Types of Inartistic (external) proof

"Hard evidence"

Facts - a thing established to have happened

• Usually needs to be supported with its own evidence
• Example: a video of a crime establishes that the event ocurred

Types of Inartistic (external) proof

Statistics

Mathematical analysis of populations or events used to provide a picture of selected phenomena

Types of Inartistic (external) proof

Systematic sampling of a selected population to discern knowledge of, or viewpoints on, various issues

Types of Inartistic (external) proof

Testimonies, Narratives, and Interviews

Witness descriptions, personal stories, confessions, etc. 

Types of Statistics 

Descriptive

Numeric representation of the entire phenomenon

Ex.: the number of accidents each year caused by drivers using cell phones

Types of Statistics 

Inferential

Numeric representations based on drawn samples

Ex.: the number of voters who support Proposition 106

Validity tests for polls

• Phenomena that leads to under or over reporting?
• Random sampling used?
• Sufficient sample size?
• Margin of error reported? Is it <3-4%