Term
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Definition
-Endocrine
-Neuroendocrine
-Paracrine
-Autocrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Released by glands or specialized cells into the blood stream that act on cells in other parts of hte body |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by nerve endings into the blood that act on cells in other parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| -secreted by cells into extacellular fluid that act on neighboring cells of different types |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that act on those cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Master gland
-Secretes hormoens that act on other tissues
-Hormones that stimulate hormone release from other glands (ie thyroid stimulatin hormone)
-significant control from hypothalamus through endocrine and nervous input) |
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Term
| Other hormone and factor producing organs |
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Definition
-liver (insulin-like growth factors)
-Kidney (erythropoietin)
-Heart (atrial Natriuretic peptide) |
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Term
| Other Types of Hormones???? |
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Definition
Proteins and Polypeptide Hormones
-Steroid Hormones
-Tyrosine Derived Hormones |
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Term
| Proteins and Polypeptide Hormones |
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Definition
-Synthesized as prohormones (Hormones + polypeptides) {this is inactive}
-Converted to hormones and stroed near the cell membrane of glands and tissues untill release
-water soluble
-able to enter into blood stream quickly
-transported dissolved in plasma
-ex: insulin |
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Term
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Definition
-most are derived from cholesterol
-little storage of hormoens, but can be quickly synthesized from stored cholesterol
-lipid soluble (diffuse across cell membrane
-Bound by carrier proteins in blood (inactivates the hormone)(prevents diffustion across capillary wall) (reduces clearance rate and maintains a circulating storage level)
-release from protein at target tissue (activates hormone)
-Release from protein at target tissue (activates hormoen)
-Ex: aldosterone |
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Term
| tyrosine derived hormones |
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Definition
-often released by calcium influc into the gland (similar to action potentioal across the synapse)
-bound by carrier protiens
-can remain in circulation for minutes to days
-Ex: thyroind hormones, catecholamines(epi,norepi) |
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Term
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Definition
-variety of releasing stimuli
1) releasing factors (from pituitary)
2) blood constituents (blood glucose, protein --> insulin) (High [K] --> aldoesterone)
-Ca (similar to action potential across synapse
-neural stimulation
- |
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Term
| Hormone binding and action |
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Definition
-hormones are bound by specific receptors on the cell membrane, in the cytosol, and in the cell nucleus.
-Hormones responses depend on the type of receptors they bind
--antgiotensin II (vasconstriction of efferent arteriole but not afferent)
--Different reponses in different locations
---epinephrine (contraction of peripheral vascular smooth muscle, Alpha receptor) (relaxation of smooth muscle of bronchiles, beta receptor) |
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Term
| Receptor sites (for hormone binding and action) |
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Definition
-transient levels
--receptor sites are often destroyed during hte binding process
--frequent exposure to hormones can ...
---down regulate activity (decreases response to hormone)
--up regulate activity
---increase response to hormone) |
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Term
| ONce bound to the receptor hormones will elicit their actions in 4 primary ways: |
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Definition
1) Enzyme-linked Receptors
2)Ion channel-linked
3)G protein linked Receptors
4)Intra cellular receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| -Binding directly activates or deactivates an enzyme lying near the cell membrane |
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Term
| ion channel-linked receptors |
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Definition
-hormoen associates with ion channel
-chane ion flux rate (norepinephrine, acetylcholine) |
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Term
| G protein linked receptors |
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Definition
| -specialized proteins that, when stimulated by hormone-receptor interaction, activate a "second messenger" that elicits the desired result |
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Term
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Definition
-located in teh cytosol or nucleus
-typically bound by steroid hormone
-stimulates transcription in nucleus (formation of mRNA from DNA)
-mRNA diffues in the cytoplasm (proteins are translated from the mRNA strand)
-Aldosterone |
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Term
| 2 main tasks of Growth Hormone |
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Definition
1) stimulate growth during fed state
2)maintain muscle mass and blood glucoes in fasted or starved state |
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Term
| 4 main effects of growth hormoen |
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Definition
1)tissue growth
2)protein synthesis
3) mobilization of fatty acids
4) decreased glucose utilization |
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Term
| How Growth Hormone causes tissue growth |
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Definition
-Increases bone cell deposition
--adolescence
**Long Bones grown in Length
**all bones incrase thickness and ensity
--Adults
**thickening oof the flat bones of skull
**protruding brow-line
**large chin |
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Term
| How does growth hormone cause protein synthesis? |
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Definition
-enhances amino acid transport into cell
-stimulates DNA transcription
-Stimulates mRNA tranlation (protein formation)
-Decreases protein catabolism because of incrased lipid mobilization
-passive stimulator of insulin relese
-insulin, GH interaction for growth (amino acid influx)
-stimulation of IGF secretion from liver, peripheral tissue |
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Term
| How does growth hormone cause Fat Utilization? |
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Definition
-induces mobilization of Fat stores
-Enchances beta-oxidation
**reduces protein and glucose catabolism
-higher circulating levels of free fatty acids
-drives blood glucose levels up |
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Term
| HOw Growth HOrmone causes incrase Glucoes utilization |
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Definition
-Increase blood glucose via
**increased liver glycogenolysis and glucose release
**decreased glucose uptake by peripheral tissue
-passive enhancer of insulin release
-decrease insulin sensitivity of GLUTS
**perhaps via increase in blood FFA |
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Term
| Inhibitors to secretion of Growth Hormone |
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Definition
1) GROWTH HORMONE (inhibits release of growth hormone releasing hormone from the hypothalamus)
2) IGF (inhibits release of GHRH from hypothalamus, inhibits release of GH from AP)
3) SOMATOSTATIN (growth inhibitor, is the throttle that slows shit down, may be released from liver) |
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Term
| Growth hormoen and exercise |
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Definition
-most report increase GH release in response to exercise (endurance and resistance)
-Ex in hot weather exacerbates release
-cold weather attenuates release (may be a influence of body core temp)
-hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia attenuates release
-exercise training blunts release at absolute workload |
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Term
| Posteior lobe of pituitary |
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Definition
-releases vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)
**enhances water absorption in proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle
**peripheral vasoconstrictor
-Regulators of Secretion
**plasma osmolarity (primary)
**Low pressure baroreceptor (secondary)
~~~Trauma |
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Term
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Definition
-incresae in secretion and cirulating level when exercise is accompanied by dehydration
-training does not affect response
-plasma volume expands in response to exercise training via increase proteins (erthroprotein) in blood which increase [colloid] that pulls water back in.
-ex by itself doesn't affect vaspressin
-trained have expanded plasma levels which slows release of vasopressin |
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Term
| Thyroid hormones (this is a big card) |
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Definition
-surronds trachea
-releases 2 hormones (thyroxi T4, and Triiodothyronine T3)
-Majority is produced as T4 (93%)
-Thyroid stimulatin hormone (from Ant Pit) stimulates production and release
-TSH stimulates the thyroid to trap iodine from the blood.
-Iodine is a major component of T3 and T4 production.
-Released T3 and T4 are bound by plasma protein for transport to the target tissues
-T3 is the active form of hte hormone.
-much of the circulating T4 is transformed into T3 at the target tissue |
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Term
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Definition
-Increased transcription rate (enhances GH and IGF actions)
-increased herat rate via increased Na slow leak channel
-increased contractility (enhances catecholamine action)
-increases pituitary response to GHRH
-Increased metabolic rate (Fat catabolism, carbohydrate catabolism, protein catabolism, normal resting oxygen consumption ~ 250 mL/min, hyperthryrodism ~ 400 ml/min)
-mitochondrial Biogenesis
-increased metal awareness
-Increased muscular strength (short term) |
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Term
| T3 actions (long term hyperthyroidism) |
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Definition
-decreased muscle strength and inability to build muscle mass (protein catabolism)
**hard to maintain muscle mass because of protein catabolism
-Insomnia
-nervousness, paranoia
-sweating
-heat intolerance |
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Term
| Regulation of Thyroid secretions |
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Definition
-Stimulator- thyroid stimulating hormone (pituitary)
**cold exposure --> TSH --> increased T3,T4
-INHIBITORS OF TSH SECRETION
**High T3,T4; dopamine; GH; Cortisol |
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Term
| Parathyroid glands secrete 2 hormones hormones responsible for what? |
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Definition
1)parathyroid hormone
2) cacitonin
and they maintain the blood calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
-released in response to low blood calcium
-mobilizes calcium from the bones, increases absorption from the gut, decreases excretion |
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Term
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Definition
-released in response to hight blood calcium
-promotes deposition in bones, excretion |
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Term
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Definition
-superior to the kidney
-2 zones:
**Medula
**cortex (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis)
-release of many hormones dependent on pituitary hornones |
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Term
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Definition
-releases (nor)epinephrine (catecholamines in response to stress
-responds to sympathetic nervous system innervation
-effects are stimular to catecholamine /sns stimulation only effect is prolonged (2-4 min) and more widespread |
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Term
| Effects of Adrenal Medulla |
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Definition
- Peripheral vasoconstriction (greater effect by norepinephrine)
-Heart Rate & Contractility (gereater effect by epinephrine)
-Increase in metabolic rate (greater effect by epinephrine)
-epinephrine stimulates (glycolysis and glycogenolysis of muscle)
-norepinephrine stimulates (lipolysis and glycogenolysis of liver) |
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Term
| Catecholamines and Exercise |
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Definition
-increase abruptly with the onset of exercise
-levels gradually fall during prolonged, moderate intensity exercise
-levels are highly correlated with exercise intensity
-exercise training blunts catecholamine response |
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Term
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Definition
-Releases Aldosterone in response to: 1) Renin angiotensin 2) High blood potassium concentration
-Actions:
1)stimulate transcription of Na pump DNA
2) measurabel increases in Na retention ~45 min post application |
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Term
| Aldoesterone and Exercise |
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Definition
-increase in secretion and cirulating level when exercise is accompanied by dehydration
-training does not affect response
-very similar to vasopressin response |
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Term
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Definition
-Cortisol
-Regulation of Secretion
**Corticotropin releasing factor (hypothalamus) stimulates the secretion of ACTH from ant pit
**ACTH stimulates Cortisol release
**CRF,ACTH secretion is stimulated by physical stress |
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Term
| High circulating levels of cortisol inhibits |
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Definition
-CRF formation
-ACTH formation |
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Term
| High circulating levels of cortisol inhibits |
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Definition
-CRF formation
-ACTH formation |
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Term
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Definition
1)PRESERVATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
-increase gluconeogenesis (liver)
**incrase produciton of gluconeogenic enzymes through transcription
**increase protein catabolism from muscle to provid substrate
-Reduce glucose uptake and utilization by cell
2)PROTEIN METABOLISM
-Reduces transcription
-Increases protein catabolism
-increases blood protein levels
**increases substrate for gluconeogenesis
**helps to maintain blood volume (increase osmolarity)
**provides circulating AA pool for post-ex muscle repair
3)FAT METABOLISM
-promotes mobilization of fat stores
4)ANTI-INFLAMATORY
-stabilizes membranes and prevents rupture
-decreases permeability of capillary walls
**fluid accumulation
-decreases wbc migration to damaged tissue
-suppresses immune system |
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Term
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Definition
-increased release from acute exercise
**positive correlation with duration and intensity
-response to exercise training is equivocal
-Testosterone: cortisol use as a marker of overtraining
**mixed results
**difficult to diagnose "overtraining" |
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Term
| Adrenal Reticularis facts |
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Definition
-Adrenal Hormone
-Releases adrenal androgens
**androgens are anabolic hormones that also promoete male gender characteristics
**adrenal androgens are the primary source of testosterone in the female.
-Formation of adrenal androgens stimulated by ACTH from pituitary |
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Term
| Pancreas contains 3 types of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreas secretes 3 hormones |
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Definition
-glucagon (alpha)
-insulin (beta)
-somatostatin (delta) |
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Term
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Definition
-Pancreatic hormone
-released by alpha cells in response to:
**Low blood glucose
**high blood protein
**exhaustive exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| high blood glucose (attenuated by exercise?) |
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Term
| Glucagon does the following actions: |
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Definition
-maintains blood glucose by:
**increasing liver glycogenolysis
**increasing gluconeogenesis
++enhanced AA uptate by liver
++stimulate gluconeogenic enzymes |
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Term
| Blood glucose regulation and Exercise |
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Definition
-glucagon increases in response to acute exercise
**greater response in untrained individuals
--ability to maintaint blood glucose?
-EPINEPHRINE
**enhances glucagon action and reduces insulin action |
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Term
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Definition
-Pancreatic Enzymes
-Released from beta cell
-primary stimulator of insulin release is glucose influx into the beta cell
**hyperglycemia and meal
-High Amino Acid levels also sitmulate release
**alone the effect is small
**when combined with glucose, a synergistic effect occurs
-Certain gastrointestinal hormones will stimulate secretion
**anticipatory response |
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Term
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Definition
-glucose uptake by skeletal muscle
-glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Inhibitors of insulin secretion |
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Definition
-SOMATOSTATIN
-HYPOGLYCEMIA
-EXERCISE
*Insulin like action of muscle contraction
--aerobic exercise
--minor effect from high resistance workourts
--decreases need for insulin |
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Term
| Insulin and Fat synthesis and storage |
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Definition
-Inhibits hormone sensitive lipase
*hydrolysis of triglycerides
-glucose transport into fat cells
-increased fatty acid synthesis in liver |
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Term
| Insulin and Protein metabolism |
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Definition
-an overall anabolic hormoen
*abuse can down regulate insulin receptors
-increases AA transport into the skeletal muscle cell
-increases transcripiton and translation
-inhibits protein catabolism
-synergistic effect with growth hormone
*become a widely abused substance |
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Term
| Glucose blood regulation and exercise |
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Definition
-INSULIN
*Insulin Response to glucose consumption is decreased in trained individuals
--Decreased in secretion from the beta cells
**Insulin levels drop in resposne to acute exercise
--greater drop in untrained individuals
-GLUCOSE DISPOSAL
**Greater response to insulin in trained individuals
--residual effect from workouts-glycogen depletion
--increased Glut 4 transporter density
--increased transporter sensitivity
--increased muscle mass
--increased rates of glycolysis, glycogen synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
-Pancreatic enzymes
-released by delta cells of pancreas (primary) and hypothalamus
-Stimuli for release: hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, high blood AA, gastrointestinal hormones |
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Term
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Definition
-depress secretion of insulin and glucagon
-decreases motility of the GI tract
-decreases absorption from GI tract
-inhibit muscle growth
**decreasing GH release from pituitary
-the overall action of somatostatin is to moderate the actions of other hormones
**acts as a pace maker of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
-primary site of production is the testis
-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus stimulates release of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary
-LH stimulates release of Testosterone from testis
-inhibits secretion of GnRH and LH
-conversion to dihydrotestosterone (more potent form) at the target tissue |
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Term
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Definition
-anabolic androgen
-increases protein production through transcription-translation
**increases muscle mass
**skin protein (thickens the skin)
**enlargement of hte larynx
**calcium retention, bone deposition
**red blood cell numbers
**small effect on electrolyte/fluid retention |
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Term
| Testosterone and exercise |
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Definition
-acute exercise results in greater circulating levels
**response is positiviely correlated with exerciess intensity
**response is blunted in trained individuals compared wiht untrained
-exercise training and basal circulating testosterone levels |
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Term
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Definition
-similar to testosterone
-competes with testosterone for binding sites
-does not appear to be ergogenic
-secreted/excreted in similar levels to testosterone
**average test/epitest is 1:1
**WADA acceptable limit 4:1
**individual variation |
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