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Adulthood and Aging
Chapter 2
25
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/07/2011

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Cards

Term
Mechanistic Metamodel
Definition

- emphasises nurture

- Passive organism reacts to the environment

- quantitative differences at different ages

- study larger pheonomena by breaking them dwn into simpler units

- developement has no particular endpoint

Term
Organismic Metamodel (approach to studying aging)
Definition
  • - emphasizes nature
  • active organism creates environment
  • development originates within a person and the person acts upon, rather than reacting to, the environment
  • Organisms are qualitatively different at various stages of development, don't have a lesser or greater quantity of a characetistic or ability
  • development has a goal/endpoint
  • Development is complex and constantly changing
Term
Contextual Metamodel for studying aging
Definition
  • Emphasizes both nature and nurture and that the organism and the environment are continualy interacting
  • multiple patterns of development- both quantitative and qualitative
  • look beyone the age variable and consider education level, lifestyle, socioeconomic status ,cultural background
Term
Life-Span Developmental Perspective
Definition
  • similar to the contextual metamodel, but draws on all 3 metamodels
  • development=ongoing
  • changing organism acts upon, & changes, the environment and visa versa
  • each person developes in own way- so stresses following same people over time to asses intraindividual change (change within the individual)
  • Development is embedded in a historical context: varies depending on when it occurs and the sociocultural conditions at that time
  • (See table 2.2 pg 38)
Term
The 3 Basic Factors in Aging Research
Definition

Age:

chronological age/maturational level of participant(s) 

Cohort:

generation membership of participant(s)

Time of measurement:

when the research measures are made or data collected 

Term
Cross-Sectional Research Design
Definition
most commonly used design. test a young group and an older group.
-age and cohort membership are confounded
Term
Longitudinal Research Design
Definition
the same people are followed over time and tested on 2 or more occasions
-age and cohort are not confounded b/c all members of the same cohort
-age and time of measurement are confounded ...can't tell what changes are due to chronological age or time of measurement.
Term
Time-Lag Research Design
Definition
all of the study participants are members of the same age group/same chronological age, but born at different times.
Cohort and time of measurement are confounded
Term
Sequential designs
Definition
confusing...used to try to disentangle the effects of all three factors: age, cohort, and time of measurement.
Term
Reliability
Definition
dependability/consistency
Term
Test-Retest Reliability
Definition
whether the responses that research participants make on a test instrument are identical, or close to, on separate occasions
Term
Inter-Rater Reliability
Definition
Used to assess the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon/ make similar evaluations of participant's responses or make similar ratings of a participant's behavior
Term
Inter-Item Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability
Definition
Used to assess the consistency of results across items within a test. Get back to this......
Term
Validity
Definition
whether we are measuring what we think/intend to measure
Term
Internal Validity
Definition
refers to how confidant we can be in the causal (cause and effect) relationship between the variables in a study
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
The manipulated condition
Term
External Validity
Definition
generalizability- whether the findings from the sample participants can be generalized to the population of interest
Term
Ecological Validity
Definition
a type of external validity. Whether the results obtained with a particular test instrument reflect real-world functioning/real-world behavior
Term
Experimental Research Approach
Definition
researcher manipulates the independent variable that has at least 2 (sometimes more) categories/levels. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT of research participants. Cause and effect statements can be made.
Term
Purpose of Random Assignment
Definition
Insures that all extraneous variables are evenly distributed across both levels of the independent variable. Insures pretreatment equivalence.
Term
Quasi-Experimental Research Approach
Definition
if research participants are not randomly assigned to levels of a categorical factor (when variables are oganismic). Cause and effect can not be determined.
Term
Multifactor Research Design
Definition
there is more than one categorical variable. at least one factor is quasi-experimental and the other is experimental.
Term
Descriptive Research Approach
Definition
the researcher doesn't try to manipulate any variables, so variables are neither independent nor dependent. Can't make cause-effect statements
Term
Correlation
Definition
statistical technique - shows how related two variables are to each other, but doesn't tell you the direction of the relationship
Term
IRB
Definition
Institutional Review Board
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