Term
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Definition
| readjustments of goals and aspirations as a way to lessen or neutralize the effects of negative self-evaluations in key domains. |
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Term
Age-based double standard: |
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Definition
| when an individual attributes an older person’s failure in memory as more serious than memory failure observed in a young adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| exercises that prevent or alleviate losses in domains that are personally relevant for self-esteem and identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| explanations people construct to explain their behavior, which can be situational, dispositional, or interactive. |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait like pattern of behavior one uses when approaching a problem-solving situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive performance that results from the interaction of two or more individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior patterns used to obtain a sense of control over how an outcome or desired goal will be achieved. |
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Term
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Definition
| relying more on dispositional information in explaining behavior and ignoring compelling situation information such as extenuating circumstances. |
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Term
Dispositional attribution: |
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Definition
| an explanation for someone’s behavior that resides within the actor. |
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Term
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Definition
| control strategies that alter the effects of self-discrepant evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| stereotyped believes that affect your judgments of individuals without your being aware of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which people combine the components of another person’s personality and come up with an integrated perception of that person. |
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Term
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Definition
| weighing negative information more heavily than positive information in a social judgment. |
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Term
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Definition
| using superficial conversation, slowed speech, simple vocabulary, carefully articulated words, and a demeaning emotional tone. |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that what one does has an influence on the outcome of an event. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to attend to and process positive information over negative information. |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of bringing the environment into line with one’s own desires and goals, similar to Brandstädter’s assimilative activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of bringing oneself in line with the environment, similar to Brandstädter’s accommodative activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation for someone’s behavior that is external to the actor. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cognitive structure that represents one’s general knowledge about a given social concept or domain. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of accessing knowledge wherein one attempts to determine where one obtained a particular piece of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs about characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of certain groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| an evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which an individual belongs. |
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Term
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Definition
| gender role reflecting the acceptance of the most adaptive aspects of both the traditional masculine and feminine roles. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Loevinger’s theory, a point at which one focuses on understanding the role that the self plays. Character development involves self-evaluated standards, self-critical thinking, self-determined ideals, and self-set goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively stable, enduring aspect of personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental changes in the ways in which our thoughts, values, morals, and goals are organized. Transitions from one stage to another depend on both internal biological changes and external social changes to which the person must adapt. |
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Term
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Definition
| in Erikson’s theory, the notion that development is guided by an underlying plan in which certain issues have their own particular times of importance. |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of dispositional traits with the dimensions of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness-antagonism, and conscientiousness-undirectedness. |
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Term
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Definition
| the aspects of personality that pull everything together, those integrative aspects that give a person an identity or sense of self. |
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Term
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Definition
| in Whitbourne’s theory of identity, the way in which people build a view of who they are. |
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Term
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Definition
| reevaluating one’s roles and dreams and making the necessary corrections. |
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Term
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Definition
| things that are important to people, their goals, and their major concerns in life. |
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Term
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Definition
| aspects of the self-concept involving oneself in the future in both positive and negative ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organized, coherent, integrated pattern of self-perceptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| includes seeking pastoral care, participating in organized and non-organized religious activities, and expressing faith in a God who cares for people as a key factor in understanding how older adults cope. |
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Term
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Definition
| an irreversible form of dementia characterized by progressive declines in cognitive and bodily functions, eventually resulting in death; it accounts for about 70% of all cases of dementia. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of psychotherapy that focuses on and attempts to alter current behavior. Underlying causes of the problem may not be addressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of protein involved in the formation of neuritic plaques both in normal aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of psychotherapy aimed at altering the way people think as a cure for some forms of psychopathology, especially depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and change in cognition that develop over a short period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of diseases characterized by cognitive decline; Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form. |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling down or blue, marked by extreme sadness; the major symptom of depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| a short screening test that assesses mental competence, usually used as a brief indicator of dementia or other serious cognitive impairment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavioral, implicit-internal memory intervention used in early- and middle-stage dementia. |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon in which people with Alzheimer’s disease show an increase in symptoms later in the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of dementia caused by a series of small strokes. |
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Term
Brandtstädter (control strategies): |
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Definition
| proposed that the preservation/stabilization of a positive view of the self and personal development in later life involves three interdependent processes (assimilative activities, accommodations, and immunizing mechanisms). |
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Term
Heckhausen and Schultz (control strategies): |
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Definition
| view control as a motivational system that regulates human behavior over the life span/individuals abilities to control important outcome. Define control-related strategies in terms of primary control and secondary control. |
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Term
Heckhausen and Schultz believe that secondary control will: |
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Definition
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Term
To what extent do processing capacity limitations influence social judgments in older adults? |
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Definition
| Older adults tend to make more snap judgments because of processing resource limitations. |
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Term
What are social beliefs, and how do they change with age? |
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Definition
| Age differences in social beliefs can be attributed to generational differences and life-stage differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the situation in which (often depressed, anxious, and helpless) patients exhibit cooperative, unquestioning, undemanding patient behavior, to an excessive degree; they believe that, as a result of their condition, they are so helpless and dependent upon others that they must act in these ways for fear of being abandoned. |
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Term
Langer and Rodin’s study found that: |
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Definition
| the ability to sustain a sense of personal control in old age may be greatly influenced by societal factors, and this in turn may affect one's physical well-being; more successful aging -- occurs when an individual feels a sense of usefulness and purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory referring to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them. (Julian B. Rotter, 1954) |
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Term
What is multidimensionality of personal control? |
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Definition
| Older adults perceive less control over specific domains of functioning such as intellectual changes with aging. Perceived control over health remains stable until it declines in very old age. Older adults perceive less control over social issues and personal appearance. |
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Term
What is collaborate cognition, and does it facilitate memory in older adults? |
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Definition
| Collaborating with others in recollection helps facilitate memory in older adults and collaborating with others enhances problem solving in older adults. |
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Term
What are the stages in attributional processing? |
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Definition
| First, behavior must be observed/perceived. Second, behavior must be determined to be intentional. Third, behavior attributed to internal or external causes. |
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Term
How does processing capacity affect social cognitive processing? |
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Definition
| Older adults may be at a disadvantage when the social context is cognitively demanding. When older adults take their time, they process information similarly to younger adults and take into consideration all of the relevant information. When given a time limit, they have difficulty remembering information. |
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Term
What three important factors need to be considered to understand implicit social beliefs? |
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Definition
| First, we must examine the specific content of social beliefs. Second, we must consider the strength of these beliefs to know under what conditions they may influence behavior. Third, we need to know the likelihood that these beliefs will be automatically activated when a person is confronted with a situation in which these beliefs are being violated or questioned. |
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Term
What accounts for the age differences in the correspondence bias? |
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Definition
| Younger adults rely more on dispositional information and ignore compelling situation information such as extenuating circumstances. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to base their judgments on their own beliefs. |
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Term
How do personal goals influence behavior? |
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Definition
| SOC (selective optimization with compensation) suggests that development occurs as we continuously update our personal goals to match our appraisal of available resources to obtain those goals. We choose manageable goals based upon our interest and physical/cognitive strengths and limitations. |
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Term
What is "need for closure"? |
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Definition
| An individual's desire for a definite cognitive closure as opposed to enduring ambiguity. |
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Term
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Definition
| (anxiety, hostility, self-consciousness, depression, impulsiveness, and vulnerability) |
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Term
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Definition
| (interpersonal: warmth, gregariousness, and assertiveness; temperamental: activity, excitement seeking, and positive emotions) |
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Term
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Definition
| (6 areas; fantasy=vivid imagination, aesthetics=appreciation of art and beauty, action=willingness to try something new, open-minded in their values, often admitting that what may be right for one person may not be right for everyone) |
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Term
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Definition
| (may tend to be overly dependent and self-effacing) |
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Term
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Definition
| (hardworking, ambitious, energetic, scrupulous, and preserving) |
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Term
Jung (personality theory) |
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Definition
| (masculinity-femininity; extraversion-introversion) argues that people move toward integrating these dimensions as they age, with midlife being an especially important period. |
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Term
Erikson (personality theory) |
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Definition
| (theory can be seen as a trust-achievement-wholeness cycle repeating twice, although the exact transition mechanisms have not been clearly defined) (handout on blackboard) |
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Term
Loevinger (personality theory) |
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Definition
| (8 stages of ego development, 6 occur in adulthood: conformist, conscientious-conformist, conscientious, individualistic, autonomous, and integrated. Most are at the conscientious-conformist level.) |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency in the average level across persons of trait or behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency of a person’s relative standing over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency in behavior across time for a given person. |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency of personality style despite behavioral change. |
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Term
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
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Definition
1.Infancy (basic trust vs. basic mistrust)
2.Early childhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt)
3.Play age (initiative vs. guilt)
4.School age (industry vs. inferiority)
5.Adolescence (identity vs. identity confusion)
6.Young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation)
7.Adulthood (generativity vs. stagnation)
8.Old age (Integrity vs. despair) |
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Term
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Definition
| (basic trust vs. basic mistrust) |
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Term
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Definition
| (autonomy vs. shame and doubt) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (industry vs. inferiority) |
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Term
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Definition
| (identity vs. identity confusion) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| (generativity vs. stagnation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Loevinger’s Stages of Ego Development in Adulthood |
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Definition
Conformist (obedience to external social roles)
Conscientious-conformist (separation of norms and goals; realization that acts affect others)
Conscientious (beginning of self-evaluated standards)
Individualistic (recognition that the process of acting is more important than the outcome)
Autonomous (respect for each person’s individuality, tolerance for ambiguity)
Integrated (resolution of inner conflicts) |
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Term
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Definition
| (obedience to external social roles) |
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Term
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Definition
| (separation of norms and goals; realization that acts affect others) |
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Term
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Definition
| (beginning of self-evaluated standards) |
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Term
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Definition
| (recognition that the process of acting is more important than the outcome) |
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Term
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Definition
| (respect for each person’s individuality, tolerance for ambiguity) |
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Term
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Definition
| (resolution of inner conflicts) |
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Term
Which of Loevinger’s stages do most adults in American society operate at? |
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Definition
| Conscientious-conformist level. |
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Term
Six dimensions of psychological well-being: |
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Definition
| self-acceptance, positive relation with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, personal growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| having a positive view of oneself; acknowledging and accepting the multiple parts of oneself; and feeling positive about one’s past. |
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Term
Positive relation with others: |
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Definition
| having warm, satisfying relationships with people; being concerned with their welfare; being empathic, affectionate, and intimate with them; and understanding the reciprocity of relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| being independent and determining one’s own life; being able to resist social pressures to think or behave in a particular way; evaluating one’s life by internal standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| being able to manipulate, control, and effectively use resources and opportunities. |
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Term
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Definition
| having goals in life and a sense of direction in one’s life; feeling that one’s present and past life has meaning; having a reason for living. |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling a need for continued personal improvement; seeing oneself as getting better and being open to new experiences; growing in self-knowledge and personal effectiveness. |
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Term
What role does religiosity and spiritual support play in adult life? |
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Definition
| Older adults use religion/spiritual support more often than any other strategy to help them cope with problems in life. This provides a strong influence on identity. This is especially true for African American women, who are more active in their church groups and attend services more frequently. Other ethnic groups also gain important aspects of identity from religion. |
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Term
How does gender-role identity develop in adulthood? |
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Definition
| Some evidence suggests that gender-role identity converges in middle age, to the extent that men and women are more likely to endorse similar self-descriptions. However, these similar descriptions do not necessarily translate into similar behavior. |
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Term
What are the specific criticisms that have been raised concerning the five-factor model? |
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Definition
| The research may have methodological problems; dispositional traits do not describe the core aspects of human nature and do not provide good predictors of behavior; and dispositional traits do not consider the contextual aspects of development. An intraindividual perspectives challenges stability by examining personality at the level of the individual. |
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Term
What can we conclude about personal concerns? |
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Definition
| Theory and research both provide support for change in the personal concerns people report at various times in adulthood. |
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Term
How are mental health and psychopathology defined? |
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Definition
| Definitions of mental health must reflect appropriate age-related criteria. Behaviors must be interpreted in context. Mentally healthy people have positive attitudes, accurate perceptions, environmental mastery, autonomy, personality balance, and personal growth. |
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Term
Why are ethnicity and aging important variables important to consider in understanding mental health? |
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Definition
| Little research has been done to examine ethnic differences, yet there is some evidence of different incidence rates across groups. |
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Term
How are metal health issues assessed? |
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Definition
| Six techniques are used most: interview, self-report, report by others, psychophysiological assessment, direct observation, and performance-based assessment. |
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Term
What key areas are included in a multidimensional approach to assessment? |
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Definition
| Considering key biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle factors is essential for accurate diagnosis of mental disorders. Diagnostic criteria must reflect age differences in symptomatology. |
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Term
What factors influence the assessment of adults? |
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Definition
| Negative and positive biases can influence the accuracy of assessment. The environmental conditions under which the assessment is made can influence its accuracy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dysphoria, apathy, self-depreciation, expressionlessness, changes in arousal, withdrawal, and several physical symptoms. Problems must last more than 2 weeks, not be caused by another disease, and negatively affect daily living. |
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Term
Does depression increase with age? |
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Definition
| Depression is the most common mental disorder in adults, but it declines in frequency with age. |
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Term
Treatments for depression: |
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Definition
| three families of drugs (SSRIs, HCAs, and MAO inhibitors), electroconvulsive therapy, and various forms of psychotherapy are all used. Older adults benefit most from behavior and cognitive therapies. |
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Term
What causes delirium and how is it treated? |
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Definition
| It can be caused by a number of medical conditions, medication side effects, substance intoxication or withdrawal, exposure to toxins, or any combination of factors. Older adults are susceptible. Most cases are cured, but some may be fatal. |
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Term
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Definition
| is caused by several small strokes. Changes in behavior depend on where in the brain the strokes occur. |
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Term
Characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: |
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Definition
| include tremor and problems with walking. Treatment is done with drugs. Some people with Parkinson’s disease develop dementia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a genetic disorder that usually begins in middle age with motor and behavioral problems. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (aka: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) is caused by a thiamine deficiency. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| results from a by-product of HIV. Symptoms include a range of cognitive and motor impairments. |
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Term
What are the symptoms of anxiety disorders? |
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Definition
| Panic, phobia, and obsessive-compulsive problems. Symptoms include a wide variety of physical changes that interfere with normal functioning. Context is important. |
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Term
What are the major issues involved with substance abuse? |
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Definition
| With the exception of alcohol, the substances most likely to be abused vary with age; younger adults are more likely to abuse illicit substances whereas older adults are more likely to abuse Rx and OTC medications. Alcohol dependency declines with age and older adults take longer to withdraw. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mood of general dissatisfaction, restlessness, depression, and anxiety; a feeling of unpleasantness or discomfort. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Depression; it is frequently misdiagnosed and is very treatable. |
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Term
What is Lewy body dementia? |
|
Definition
The second most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer's disease (related to Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s), causes a progressive decline in mental abilities. It may also cause visual hallucinations, which may take the form of seeing shapes, colors, people or animals that aren't there or, more complexly, having conversations with deceased loved ones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease caused by degeneration of the brain cells. It is different from normal senility in the elderly in that the patient's brain function will gradually deteriorate resulting in progressive loss of memory and mental abilities, and noticeable personality changes. |
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Term
What is the death rate associated with Delirium? |
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Definition
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