- Focuses on performance (# of correct answers) on standardized tests

- Quantitative Approach

- Focuses on ways people conceptualize and solve problems

- Qualitative Approach

(primary mental abilities)

Numerical Facility

(Primary Mental Abilities)

word fluency

(Primary Mental Abilities)

Verbal Meaning

(Primary mental ability)

Inductive reasoning

identifying novel relationships in serial patterns

-infer a rule in pattern

-dertermine additional serial patterns

(Primary Mental Ability)

Spatial orientation

(Primary Mental Ability)

Perceptual Speed

-Dealing with visual information

-Ability to carry out simple tasks involving visual perception with speed and accuracy.

(primary mental ability)

Verbal recall

-improvement until late 30's/ early 40's

-stable until mid 50's/ early 60's

- declines by late 60's

- Skills learned over one’s lifetime (experience)

- Depends on good judgment & mastery of social conventions in a particular culture

Examples:

- Verbal Meaning

- General Information

- Numerical Facility

- “On the spot” thinking

- Ability to draw inferences

- Abilities that are independent of experience

relies on basic information-processing skills

Examples:

- Inductive Reasoning

- Spatial Orientation

(explanations of intellectual changes)

cohort differences

(explanations of intellectual change)

information processing

(explanations of intellectual change)

Social and Lifestyle Factors

- Positive effects of

:SES ( socioeconomic status- education, social status, income)

: Job Complexity

: Living with a smart spouse

- researchers coding for strategy use

- decliners vs. persons who did better on letter, number, and word series tests

3 main dimensions of observed tasks of daily living

- managing finances

- medication intake

- telephone use

- competence in problem solving is multidimensional 

- performance depends on the task

hess & pullen

- what does it study?

- who is the IV?

-who is the DV?

- studies how first impressions are made and how it is based on age

- IV: group 1= given positive info first then negative info

: group 2= given negative info first then positive info

DV: trait ratings 

negative information is more striking than positive, so negative stays more than positive. 

OA weigh emotional information more heavily than YA D/T experience 

dispositional attributions

- Tendency to attribute dispositional rather than situational explanations for another person’s behavior

- Neglect to acknowledge pertinent information about a situation

Blanchard-Fields et al Age Difference 

- Presented situations with either positive or negative outcomes

- Was the event due to dispositional, situational, or interactive (involving both)?

- When ambiguous cause, YA & OA made interactive attributions

- OA also displayed the correspondence bias

HUMMERTS

POSITIVE stereotypes of OA

-Golden-ager

:Active, capable, sociable, independent, happy

-Perfect grandparent

:Loving, supportive, wise, kind

-John Wayne conservative

:Patriotic, proud, religious

HUMMERTS

NEGATIVE stereotypes of OA

- Severely impaired

:Slow-thinking, senile, incompetent, incoherent

- Despondent

:Depressed, sad, hopeless, lonely

- Shrew or Curmudgeon

:Complaining, demanding, stubborn, bitter

- Recluse

:Quiet, timid, naïve

when an individual attributes an OA's memory problem as more seriuos than a YA memory problem

EX- misplacing keys

- automatically activated, unconscious stereotypes.

- influences behavior without awareness

two heads are better than one. how people influence your cognition. 

OA and YA do the same when collaborating with a spouse. 

- help OA remain independent

- lessen burden on family members

- friends are fun at all ages

-social contact is motivated by a variety of goals.

- goals individuals have fluxuate at different stages of life. 

- information( obtain knowledge)

- self-concept ("who am I")

- emotional regulation (ability to keep emotions in check)

- base friendships on intimacy (trust, honesty, loyalty)

- usually involves sharing of personal matters

- more intimate than mens' relationships

- base friendships on shared interests ( sports, reading, activities)

- usually involves competitive activities

- most are in 20's

- 60% women

- 75% men

(singlehood gender differences)

women

- higher educated women are overrepresented among unmarried adults

- have less negative health and longevity consequences than single women

- goal is NOT to get married

- based on convenience, sharing expenses, accessability

- trial marriage

- marriage IS goal

- most common

- long-term committment without legal marriage

- least common

women- 25

men- 26

- encourages healthy behaviors

- increased longevity

- smart spouse may aid cognition

(factors influencing marital success)

age

(factors influencing marital success)

homogamy 

(factors influencing marital success)

feelings of equality

(developmental course)

trends/ explanations

- childless couples= more satisfied through marriage

- drops when children are living at home

- increases when children are leaving

- remains high when both parents are mutually dependent on each other

Divorce

- stats

- gender differences

- difficulties

- potential reasons

- 50% of marriages end in divorce

- men experience short-term effects, women have long-term*usually financially

- difficulties dealing with visitation and child support

- D/T not being viewed as NEGATIVE anymore, expectations on married have INCREASED

- parents AND children

- most common in WESTERN societies

- grandparents and other relatives who live with parents and children

- most common in WORLD

- formal

- fun seeker

- surrogate parents

- family wisdom

- distant

(caring for aging parents)

filial obligation

- psychological costs

- financial costs

- parents behaviors ( complaining, uncooperative, forgetful)

- company/ relationship may get closer

- affection/ appreciation 

(elder abuse/ neglect)

types

- physical

- sexual

- emotional/ psychological

- financial or material exploitation

- neglect or self-neglect

(elder abuse/ neglect)

contributing factors

- poverty

- race

- impairments

- living with someone (2/3 of perpetrators are spouses or children)

a pair of enantiomers differ in one physical property.. define

- melting point

- b.p

- optical point

- water solubility