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Adult Cog
Adult Cog Test
104
Other
Graduate
03/04/2019
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Term
Bottom-up assessments:
 Definition
specific tests designed to measure component skills such as attention or constructional praxis
Term
Top-down assessments:
 Definition
examine client’s performance in a particular occupational performance task as a means to understand possible underlying causes of poor performance
Term
Quantitative
 Definition
evaluations quantify the measured parameters through numbers
Term
Qualitative
 Definition
provides non-numerical data→ can highlight a problematic performance component and provide in-depth detailed information about that performance
Term
-Clinical observation
-Interviews
-Visual data
 Definition
Three main methods of qualitative evaluation:
Term
Dynamic Interactional Approach
 Definition
-The concept that cognition is an on going production or outcome of the interaction among the individual, task, and the environment.
-assumes the clients social, physical and cultural environment can influence his or her adaptation to environmental demands.
Term
-Focal control or attentive vision → provides attention to important features of an object for perception and discrimination
-Ambient, peripheral, or preattentive vision → works in connection with proprioceptive, kinesthetic, tactile, and vestibular systems and acts as a feedforward system.
 Definition
Visual processing through 2 modes:
Term
-Top of pyramid = Visual cognition
--Disorders of visual cognition = agnosia, alexia, decreased visual closure, disorders of spatial analysis, decreased figure-ground, and decreased position in space
-Visual Memory
-Pattern REcognition
-Visual Attention
-Visual Input through oculomotor control, acuity, and visual fields.
 Definition
Warren's Hierarchical Model of VP
Term
normal response- constriction rapidly in response to light and near vision; pre-dilation equally as fast to their offset
abnormal pupillary response- results in anything from blurred vision to light sensitivity
 Definition
Pupillary response (normal and abnormal response)
Term
Visual acuity
 Definition
The product of integration of the optical systems of the eye and CNS processing
Term
contrast sensitivity
 Definition
low contrast acuity
Term
contrast sensitivity
 Definition
Contributes to CNS ability to detect and recognize objects → impairment can result in inability to recognize face and objects
Term
visual fields
 Definition
area of the visual system that allows an individual to orient to specific spatial areas
Term
Peripheral fields
 Definition
Type of visual field thet is highly responsive to motion
Term
Central fields
 Definition
Type of visual field thet is has low response to motion
Term
narrowing of scope of scanning, slow scanning toward blind side, decreased visual monitoring of the hand, visual search into blind field is slow and delayed
 Definition
Common problems in with visual field =
Term
-If the visual field cut is homonymous or congruous in each eye
-The contour of the boundary between the sound and scoptic field (if the boundary is abrupt, the client has more difficulty compensating)
-The presence of a central field cut
-Client’s awareness of the field cut
 Definition
Warren identifies 4 factors that influence whether visual field loss will affect overall function
Term
Ocular alignment
 Definition
Crucial to coordinated function of both eyes and visual processing.
Treatment - referral to optometrist, ophthalmologist, or vision specialist
Term
oculomotor control
 Definition
Deficits can impair ability to effectively scan environment. During activities, client may squint, tilt head, sht one eye or complain of headaches, fatigue or become agitated.
Term
saccadic eye movements
 Definition
sequenced rapid eye movements that change the line of sight; jump eye movements
Term
Smooth pursuits eye movements
 Definition
movements that keep an image steady on the retina; visual scanning
Term
Diplopia
 Definition
May have difficulty in spatial judgment, disorientation, impaired eye hand coordination, impaired mobility, postural control, may be mistaken for poor head or postural control.
Term
convergence
 Definition
increase in the angle of the visual axes; aligns the eyes to maintain binocular fixation and binocular vision
Term
accommodation
- dynamic and static
 Definition
process by which the refractive power of the eye changes to ensure for a clear retinal image

-2 types
Term
Visual inattention
-preattentive and attentive processing
 Definition
Decreased awareness of the body and spatial environment on contralateral side
- 2 types:
Term
a midline shift
 Definition
Client’s with inattention can have...
Term
Visual/vestibular processing
 Definition
Vestibular, ocular, and postural responses and reflexes maintain a steady gaze on the fovea during head and body movements. A stable gaze depends on vestibular controlled eye movements, visually controlled eye movements and head movements. Accomplished by the VOR reflex.
Term
Praxis
 Definition
Is a performance skill and forms the foundation for the development of performance patterns and occupations.
Term
Apraxia
 Definition
The inability to perform certain skilled purposeful movements in the absence of motor power, sensation or coordination.
Term
Ideomotor
 Definition
-Inability to imitate gestures or perform a purposeful motor task on command even though the client fully understands the idea or concept of the task.
Term
Ideational
 Definition
-Disability in carrying out complex sequential motor acts which is caused by a disruption of the conception rather than the execution of the motor act
-Characterized by:
--Loss of knowledge of tool function
--Conceptual disturbance related to the sequential organization of actions involving objects
Term
Conceptual Apraxia
 Definition
-Inability to select the actions associated with the use of a specific tool
-Unable to recall which tool is associated with which object
-Does not understand the mechanical advantage of certain tools
Term
Limb Kinetic
 Definition
-Has difficulty or is incapable of making fine, precise movements with the limb contralateral to a central nervous system lesion
-Spatial accuracy, timing and joint coordination can all be affected
-Understands the action required and engages in appropriate motor programs; however, actions are performed in a clumsy manner because the muscle activity is incorrectly specified.
Term
Oral
 Definition
-Difficulty in forming and organizing intelligible words, Though the musculature required to do so remains intact.
-May be able to use the tongue for automatic acts such as chewing and swallowing but may not be able to stick it out when asked.
Term
Constructional
 Definition
-Impairment in producing designs in two or three dimensions (Copying, drawing, or constructing) whether upon command or spontaneously.
-These clients have lost the ability to assemble and organize an object from disarticulated pieces
Term
Dressing
 Definition
-The inability to dress oneself because of a disorder in body scheme and or spatial relations
-More related to body scheme and spatial deficits than to a difficulty in motor performance.
-Client makes mistakes of orientation in putting clothes on backwards, upside down, or inside-out.
Term
Body scheme
 Definition
-a representation of the spatial relations among the parts of the body and is different from the psychodynamic sense of identity
Term
Autotopagnosia
 Definition
-A disturbance in the previously described body scheme, lack of awareness of body structure and the failure to recognize one’s body parts and their relationship to each other.
-Client’s can recognize body parts individually → problem not wit knowledge of the parts themselves.
Term
Unilateral Body Neglect
 Definition
-Inability to integrate and use perceptions from one (usually left) side of the body.
-May occur independently of visual field cuts or visual inattention or be compounded by these deficits
Term
Anosognosia
 Definition
-Relatively transient, severe form of neglect to the extent that the client fails to recognize the presence or severity of his or her paralysis
-May present as simply unconcern for the paralysis or, at the extreme, complete denial of paralysis.
-Deficit often associated with mental confusion or intellectual impairments (but may occur alone)
Term
Right-Left Discrimination
 Definition
-A skill that develops relatively late. Not mastered until later than 7 years.
-Requires many cognitive abilities including mental rotation, spatial ability, and a high level of conceptualization
Term
Finger Agnosia
 Definition
-Consists of doubt and hesitation concerning the fingers.
-Client has trouble naming his or her fingers on command or knowing which one was touched
-Displays clumsiness in using fingers especially in tasks requiring imitation of meaningful gestures
Term
Agnosia
 Definition
The area of deficits that deals with a client's lack of recognition of familiar objects perceived by senses. Disturbance in sensory modes of visual, tactile, proprioceptive, and auditory. May involve additional problems in body scheme
Term
Visual Agnosia
 Definition

 

  • “Perception without meaning” or inability to recognize visual stimuli despite adequate primary visual fx

  • May be restricted to a specific category, such as objects, faces, or colors

Term
Prosopagnosia
Definition

Inability to identify a known person by their face

  • Knows they are looking at a face, but cannot say to whom it belongs
Term
SImultagnosia
Definition

 

 

  • Inability to recognize a compound visual array

  • Unable to perceive more than 1 thing at a time and the amount of tie necessary to distinguish between 2 perceptual acts is excessively long

  • Unable to recognize abstract meaning of a whole stimulus array even though the details are correctly perceived

  • Able to describe details of complex stimulus but cannot integrate them

  • Disorder which involves impairment in interpreting a visual stimulus as a whole  → seems to result from a reduction in visual span of apprehension

Term
Color Agnosia
Definition

 

 

  • Inability to recognize colors such that he or she cannot pick out a color or name a color on demand

Term
Form Discrimination
 Definition
-Plays an important role in visual recognition of objects, visually guided manipulations, and in navigation within an environment
-Shape, color, orientation, edge, and motion cues are all utilized
--Shape is the most common
Term
Depth Perception (Stereopsis)- ability to judge depth/distances
 Definition
-Crucial to the individual’s ability to locate objects in the visual environment, have accurate hand movement under visual guidance, and to function safely with tasks like navigating stairs or driving.
Term
Figure ground perception
 Definition
-Involves ability to distinguish the foreground from the background.
-Separation of figures from the background is accomplished by the visual system based on differences in features such as color, luminance, depth, orientation, texture, motion, and temporal information
Term
Spatial relations
-categorical (above, below, left, right, etc.), coodinate (specify locations in a way that can be used to guide precise movements)
 Definition
-ability to perceive the position of two or more objects in relation to self and each other
-important to orienting the environment→ recognizing objects, scenes, and language; and for manipulation of objects within the hand.
-two types
Term
Topographical Orientation
 Definition
-Ability to follow a familiar route or a new route once it has become familiar; clients generally have difficulty finding their way in space.
Term
Metamorphopsia
Definition

 

 

  • Visual distortion of objects although the object may be recognized accurately Eg. chair may appear smaller or larger than it is
Term
Visual-Spatial Agnosia
Definition

 

 

  • Deficit in perceiving spatial relationships between objects or between objects and self.

  • Can include difficulties in: 1) spatial relations 2) in judging distances such that the client may go sit in a chair and misjudge so that they miss the chair 3) in depth perception, may continue pouring water into a glass after it is filled
Term
Topographagnosia
 Definition

 

 

  • Impairment in the interpretation of maps, house plans, etc. can perform normally in real situations, but cannot find himself on a map

  • Unable to draw a plan of their house or identify rooms on a pan that is drawn for them
Term
Environmental Agnosia
Definition

 

 

  • Will get lost in familiar places

  • Can read maps and house plans , but cannot find their way in them
Term
Tactile Agnosia
Definition

 

 

  • Inability to recognize objects tactually though tactile, thermal, and proprioceptive functions are in tact

  • Often called astereognosis
Term
Auditory Agnosia
Definition

 

 

  • Inability to recognize differences in sounds, including both word and nonword sounds EG. difference between running car and vacuum cleaner
Term
Apractognosia
Definition

 

 

  • Consists of several different apraxic and agnostic syndromes, all centering mainly around a lack of perspective

Term
Memory
 Definition
relates to learning and how we perceive our world. It involves how an individual encodes, stores and retrieves information.
Term
Orientation
 Definition
has a recognition of one’s self with regard to time, place, and person within one’s personal environment.
Term
Orientation to person
 Definition
a retrograde memory loss for autobiographical information
Term
Attention
 Definition
-An active process that helps to determine which sensations and experiences are alerting and relevant to the individual
-ability to concentrate our perceptual experience on a selected portion of the available sensory information and, in doing so, achieve a clear and vivid impression of the environment
Term
Alerting
 Definition
more related to the periphery, preparing the individual to mobilize to attention, and theoretically functions through different neurological systems from attention; a fluctuating condition of the CNS; phylogenetically the earliest of the attentional systems; associated with the frontal and parietal regions of the right hemisphere.
Term
Focused attention
 Definition
-the ability to respond to different kinds of stimulation; it involves direction and orientation, has both physical and mental components, and implies a body posture and orientation appropriate to receiving sensory information and taking motor action; the mind is free of extraneous thoughts, and an effort is made to keep sensory channels open.
Term
Sustained attention→
 Definition
vigilance; maintaining attention for a long time; the ability to self-sustain mindful conscious processing of stimuli whose repetitive, non-arousing qualities would otherwise cause habituation and distraction to other stimuli; ensures that goals are maintained over time; associated with right hemisphere specialization
Term
Selective attention→
 Definition
activating and inhibiting responses selectively; involves discrimination of stimulus information and differentiating responses; helps goal directed behavior and is crucial for perception; ensures that an individual does not perceive a superposition of all stimuli present at a given time in our visual field by suppressing the non-attended stimuli such that only one stimulus is processed at a given time in higher cortical areas
Term
Alternating attention→ AKA attentional flexibility.
 Definition
Alternating back and forth between mental tasks (i.e. chopping vegetables while periodically checking food on the stove)
Term
Divided attention→
 Definition
ability to do several things at once; requires the ability to allocate attentional resources, switch between tasks that cannot be done simultaneously, and time-sharing of processing resources.
Term
Concentration→
 Definition
the ability to do mental work while attending, the process of active encoding in working memory.
Term
Vigilance→
 Definition
the ability to sustain attention over a period of time. Thirty seconds is considered a vigilant period in a mental status examination; a control process that coordinates functional components of attention (alertness, arousal, selectivity) to direct attention to a significant feature of the environment. Note: vulnerable to brain damage.
Term
sensory memory
 Definition
What type of memory: An individual attends to sensory input in the environment depending on his or her interests this is called
Term
Initiation
 Definition
-May not engage in conversation without it being started for them
-May lack spontaneity, be slow to respond and generally show little to no initiative
-May be able to plan, organize, and carry out complex tasks, but only when instructed to do so
-Often misinterpreted as lack of motivation or drive
Term
Working Memory
 Definition

Temporary storage and manipulation of information

 

    • The ability to hold information, internalize it and use it to guide what we do
Term
Planning
 Definition
includes the ability to organize steps to complete an action, prepare for setbacks in carrying out the plan, assemble needed materials, and the skills to carry out the plan.
Term

  • Maintenance  rehearsal

  • Elaborative rehearsal

 Definition

 

    • Two type of rehearsal (working memory) determines the success of the encoding process
Term


  • Maintenance  rehearsal

 Definition


  • when information is kept passively in mind
Term

 

  • Elaborative rehearsal

 Definition

  • when information is meaningfully related to other information presented either previously or currently
Term
Retrieval
 Definition

 

  •  

    • Final aspect of the memory process

    • The ability to access the residue of past experiences and in some cases convert it into conscious experience
Term
Explicit Memory
 Definition
consists of information which can be consciously declared to have been learned or experienced
Term
Implicit memory
Definition
involves information whose learning is only reflected by changes in future behavior as a result of the prior experience without the client consciously remembering the experience itself.
Term
Declarative Memory
 Definition
memory of nonpersonal events and sometimes episodic (events) and semantic (facts)
Term
Episodic Memory
 Definition
memory of personal events
Term
Nondeclarative (Procedural) Memory
 Definition

 

 

    • Involves unconscious memory ability

    • Information that is learned or acquired during the development of skill learning (motor skills, perceptual skills and cognitive skills

    • Involves a mixed group of abilities whereby experience alters behavior unconsciously without providing access to any memory context

    • Can be motor skills or mental procedures such as performing complex math problems
Term

 

Prospective Memory

    • Event-based prospective memory

    • Time-based prospective memory

 Definition

 

  • Remembering to complete an activity or carry out a task at a time in the future

  • Remembering what one intends to do as well as remembering the context of a given task

  • Allows individual to carry out an intended action in the future without performing continuous rehearsal of the intention until the appropriate time has occured.

  • Two types:

  • What type of memory is this and what are the 2 types?
Term

  • Event-based prospective memory

 Definition

  • when some environmental event signals the appropriateness of the intended action

  •  
Term
Time-based prospective memory
 Definition

  • when a particular time or a particular amount of elapsed time signals the appropriateness of the intended action
Term

Semantic Memory→

  • Semantic Memory is not dependent on episodic memory

  • Episodic memory IS dependent on semantic memory

 Definition

 

  • involves general facts or knowledge about the world.

    • Can relate to memory for people or memory for events

    • Activate the left temporal and left frontal brain regions

    • Possible  for an individual to know what he or she personally witnessed an event without actually consciously remembering the event.
Term
Episodic Memory
 Definition

 

  • consists of knowledge of a previously experienced event along with the awareness or understanding that the event occurred in his or her past.

    • Allows an individual to mentally travel back in time.

    • These tasks activate the medial parietal cortex, retrosplenial cortex and the thalamus

    • It allows an individual to re-experience events that occurred minutes ago or decades ago.
Term
Problem solving
 Definition
-Requires attention, ability to devise and initiate a plan, information access, and a feedback system
-Requires good impulse control, ability to organize and categorize, mental flexibility, and reasoning skills
-Active process, breakdown can occur at any time
-Need to understand the problem → the initial representation of problem will determine how quickly an accurate solution can be found
-Motivation is key
-Must be able to screen out and discard irrelevant info
Term
Decision Making
 Definition
-Viewed as a form of problem solving for which the problem is to choose from several options -More general activity to rectify an unacceptable situation -Factors that influence this are both conscious and unconscious
Term
Categorization
 Definition
-finding commonalities and assigning objects or events into groups
-An individual needs to be able to perceive and utilize perceptual features in order to be successful
Term
Mental Flexibility
 Definition
-Ability to carry out a given plan requires the ability to initiate, stop, and switch actions depending on feedback from the environment related to these actions.
Term
Abstraction AKA concept formation;
 Definition
-fundamental to thinking and communication
-is the ability to conceptualize and make inferences from information.
Term
abstraction
 Definition
Clients with poor ______________: have limited imagination, stick to people, objects, and events that catch their eyes at once (concrete or factual fashion), fail to form concepts/generalize, fail to plan ahead, unable to go beyond the immediate situation, have difficulty explaining their ideas, and are unable to analyze relationship between objects and their properties
Term
Mental flexibility
 Definition
-Client with poor ______________: will have difficulty with mental shifts and will exhibit rigid, inflexible, or perseverative behavior
Term
planning/organizing
 Definition
-Client with poor ______________: may lack foresight and sustained attention necessary for achieving goal; can describe in detail the elements but shows poor, unrealistic or illogical plans for himself
Term
problem solving
 Definition
-Client with poor ______________: may exhibit concrete thinking, impulsivity, confusion as to where to start to solve a problem, difficulty sequencing info, and trouble learning from mistakes and successes.
Term
decision making
 Definition
-Client with poor ______________: struggle with identifying various options and determining which options are best
Term
categorization
 Definition
-Client with poor ______________: May be unable to use attributes to describe objects; may be unable to use symbolic features
Term

Long Term Memory

  • Perceptual

  • Executive

 Definition

 

 

  • Information that goes through the consolidation process it is stored in a variety of long-term retention systems.

  • Can hold an unlimited amount of information in a permanent state for hours or years

  • Two types?
Term
-Near transfer→ only one or two task characteristics have changed.
-Intermediate transfer→ 3-6 task characteristics are changed; new task shares some physical characteristics of -the original task but are less readily identified
-Far transfer→ conceptually similar to the original task but completely different or only shares one surface characteristic
-Very far transfer→ generalization or the spontaneous application of what has been learned in treatment to everyday functioning
 Definition
Transfer of learning continuum
Term
Transfer of learning
 Definition
involves training skills applicable to specific situations. Relates the effect of training specific skills and the extent to which these abilities facilitate or limit new learning.
Term
Generalization
 Definition
involves the ability to use a newly learned strategy in a novel situation. Therapist can increase this by varying the task elements while simultaneously keeping the organization relatively constant.
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