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Definition
—holds the heart in a fixed position and serves as a barrier |
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Definition
| fibrous and connective tissue. With the pericardium a sac is formed around the heart |
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Definition
—the inner layer that includes all of the atrial and ventricular muscle fibers |
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Definition
—innermost layer of endothelium and connective tissue lining of the heart |
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Definition
—ability to initiate electrical stimulus independently |
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Definition
—Excitability – ability to respond to electrical stimulus |
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Definition
—ability to transmit the electrical stimulus from cell to cell |
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Definition
—ability to stretch and recoil as a single unit |
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Definition
—ability to repeat cycle regularly |
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Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) node |
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Definition
— —located posteriorly on the right side of the interatrial septum — Only the AV node can provide electrical impulses to the ventricles —AV node has pacemaker cells that initiates 40-60 beats per minutes |
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Term
| Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers |
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Definition
—provide electrical impulses throughout the ventricles —Bundle of His divides into left and right bundle branches, which divides into Purkinje fibers —Purkinje fibers can initiate 15-40 beats per minute |
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Term
| Factors that Affect Cardiac Mechanisms |
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Definition
◦Electrolytes – Calcium/Potassium ◦Autonomic nervous system ◦Medications : –Calcium channel blockers – decrease excitability, conductivity, contractility and cardiac workload –Beta Blockers – decreases excitability, contractility, velocity of impulse conduction through the AV node |
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Term
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Definition
—Disease of the heart which causes narrowing of arterial lumen either by fatty deposits or hardening of the artery. CAD is caused primarily by: ◦Arteriosclerosis – hardening or loss of elasticity of artery ◦Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits that fill the lumen of the artery |
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Definition
—*Lipids and fibrous tissue collect beneath the endothelial cells of the intima. —*After buildup, the site fissures —*Platelets collect causing the clotting cascade *Thrombus forms |
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Term
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Definition
| —Age —Gender —Smoking —Hypertension —Diabetes —Physical inactivity/Obesity —Stress —Oral contraceptives —Cholesterol Levels |
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| Signs and Symptoms of CAD |
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Definition
—Asymptomatic —Angina is the classic symptom —Dyspnea —Fatigue —Pain or discomfort —Signs of high cholesterol (obesity, HTN, abnormal labs) —Increase perspiration, cool extremities —Apprehension —Diabetics may have silent ischemia —Women may have nausea, fatigue, shoulder pain, dizziness |
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Definition
| This refers to the more common understanding of angina related to myocardial ischemia. Typical presentations of stable angina is that of chest discomfort and associated symptoms precipitated by some activity (running, walking, etc) with minimal or non-existent symptoms at rest. Symptoms typically abate several minutes following cessation of precipitating activities and resume when activity resumes. |
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| distinctly more severe, prolonged, or frequent |
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Definition
Microvascular angina refers to
myocardial ischemia (reduced blood flow to the heart muscle through the
coronary arteries) with macroscopically normal coronary arteries on an
angiogram. |
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Term
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Definition
| The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a diagnostic tool that measures and records the electrical activity of the heart in exquisite detail. Interpretation of these details allows diagnosis of a wide range of heart conditions. |
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Definition
| released from the heart muscle cells when it is injured ("heart attack"). These enzymes are normally found in the blood at low levels. The abnormal elevation of these enzymes in the blood stream can occasionally be the only indicator that a heart attack (myocardial infarction) has occurred. |
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Definition
| This is a procedure to examine blood flow to the heart and test how well the heart is pumping. A doctor inserts a thin plastic tube (catheter) (KATH'eh-ter) into an artery or vein in the arm or leg. From there it can be advanced into the chambers of the heart or into the coronary arteries. |
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Term
| Positron emission and tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| a nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
◦Total cholesterol <200 mg/dl ◦HDL >60 mg/dl ◦LDL <100 mg/dl |
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Term
| Medical/Surgical Management of CAD |
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Definition
—Lifestyle change —Nitroglycerin —Beta blockers or calcium channel blockers —Antibiotics —Antihypertensive medications —Glucose management —Estrogen therapy Daily aspirin |
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Term
—Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) |
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Definition
| PCI is performed by threading a slender balloon-tipped tube – a catheter – from an artery in the groin to a trouble spot in an artery of the heart.The balloon is then inflated, compressing the plaque and dilating (widening) the narrowed coronary artery so that blood can flow more easily. This is often accompanied by inserting an expandable metal stent |
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Definition
| The catheter is inserted into the body and advanced through an artery to the area of narrowing. Other devices are dissectional catheterectomy, catheters that shave off the plaque, or laser catheters that vaporize the plaque. Balloon angioplasty or stenting may be used after an atherectomy. |
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Term
—Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) |
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Definition
| CABG surgery creates new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries, allowing sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. |
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Term
| Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) |
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Definition
Transmyocardial revascularization or TMR is a procedure used to relieve severe angina or chest pain in very ill patients who aren't candidates for bypass surgery or angioplasty. In this procedure, a surgeon makes an incision on the left breast to expose the heart. Then, using a laser, the surgeon drills a series of holes from the outside of the heart into the heart's pumping chamber |
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Term
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Definition
Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the blood pressure is chronically elevated. Hypertension can be classified either essential (primary) or secondary. Essential hypertension indicates that no specific medical cause can be found to explain a patient's condition. Secondary hypertension indicates that the high blood pressure is a result of another condition. |
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Definition
◦Pre-hypertension ◦Stage I hypertension ◦Stage II hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
◦Unknown, but many hypothesis If left untreated can lead to heart failure, organ damage, MI, PVD, stroke, visual damage, increased atherosclerosis |
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Term
Hypertension Risk Factors |
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Definition
1)Age, family hx, sodium intake, physical inactivity, obesity, ETOH, African American, smoking, stress, high cholesterol 2)Renal disease, Cushing’s disease, brain tumors, birth control pills, steroids, encephalitis, sympathomimetics, pheochromocytoma (adrenal tumor) |
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Definition
—Signs and Symptoms ◦Asymptomatic – silent killer ◦Headaches ◦Dizziness ◦Fainting ◦Visual disturbances ◦Nosebleeds ◦Nervousness ◦Fatigue and insomnia ◦palpitations |
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Term
| Medical Treatment for Hypertension |
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Definition
—Diet change —Weight loss program —Antihypertensive medications —Diuretics —Limiting ETOH intake —Stress management —Smoking cessation |
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| Nursing Intervention for Hypertension |
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Definition
—Support medical treatment —Appropriate cuff size —Urinate prior to b/p —No talking while taking b/p —No caffeine or smoking 30 minutes to 1 hour prior to b/p —Take b/p in sitting, standing, lying position —Take b/p in both arms, record highest reading |
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Term
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Definition
Heart failure is a cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the heart impairs its ability to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs.[1] Heart failure should not be confused with cardiac arrest (see Terminology, below). It can cause a large variety of symptoms (chiefly shortness of breath and ankle swelling) but some patients can be completely symptom free. Heart failure is often undiagnosed due to a lack of a universally agreed definition and challenges in definitive diagnosis, particularly in early stage. |
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—Categories of Heart Failure |
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Definition
—Categories ◦Congestive heart failure ◦Acute ◦Chronic ◦Left sided ◦Right sided |
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—Signs and symptoms of heart failure |
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Definition
—Signs and symptoms ◦Neurological – confusion, difficulty concentrating ◦Cardiovascular – fatigue, syncope, hypotension, edema, discoloration of extremities ◦Pulmonary – SOA, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ◦GI – distention, stomach upset, nausea, liver engorgement ◦GU – renal insufficiency, nocturia, oliguria, sexual dysfunction ◦Endocrine – those associated with underlying problem |
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—Signs and symptoms of heart failure |
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Definition
◦Neurological – confusion, difficulty concentrating ◦Cardiovascular – fatigue, syncope, hypotension, edema, discoloration of extremities ◦Pulmonary – SOA, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ◦GI – distention, stomach upset, nausea, liver engorgement ◦GU – renal insufficiency, nocturia, oliguria, sexual dysfunction ◦Endocrine – those associated with underlying problem |
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Definition
◦Heart failure is treated according to the stage of heart failure ◦Stage A – at risk because of underlying conditions, no signs/symptoms ◦Stage B – structural damage, no s/s ◦Stage C – symptoms with structural changes ◦Stage D – advance symptoms at rest with medications |
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Term
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Definition
—Lifestyle modifications with appropriated medications (Stage A) —Ace Inhibitors, beta blockers (Stage B) —Additional medications with possible pacemaker (Stage C) —Decrease beta blockers and Ace inhibitors, IV therapy, synthetic BNP, ventricular assistance device, heart transplant or hospice (Stage D) |
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| Nursing Interventions for heart failure |
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Definition
Support medical treatment —Limit sodium intake —Fluid restriction —Strict intake and output —Smoking cessation —Weight reduction —Immunization shots —Rest when acutely ill —Stay active when feeling well —Manage general health —Daily weight-report wt gain >2lbs |
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Term
| Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) |
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Definition
| This refers to diseases of blood vessels outside the heart and brain. It's often a narrowing of vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach or kidneys. |
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Term
| Thromboangiitis Obliterans |
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Definition
◦(Buerger’s Disease) –inflammation of blood vessels that cause clotting |
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Definition
◦tortuous, dilated veins caused by poor muscle support |
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Definition
◦narrowing and spasms of the arteries |
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◦ballooning or stretching of arteries |
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