Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mating of animals that are more closely related than the average population. Results in reduction of variation |
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Term
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Definition
concentrates on the genotype of one superior animal
Example: sire mating to granddaughter |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction of genetic variability and thus reduced vigor and fertility |
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Term
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Definition
| also called outcrossing or outbreeding. mating of animals that are less closely related than the average of the population. This is mainly seen in crossbreeds, but can be seen by bringing other animals into the herd. |
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Term
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Definition
Example: Duroc Boar gains 2.4lbs/day mated with a Yorkshire sow that gains 1.8 lbs/day and results in a crossbreed that gains 2.3 lbs/day.
avg of parents=2.1
2.3-2.1=.2 which is heterosis
.2/2.1*100=9.5 which is % heterosis |
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Term
| High heritability results in _______ heterosis. Example: _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Medium heritability results in ______ heterosis. Example: _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Low heritability results in ______ heterosis. Example: _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
two breed terminal
two breed rotational
three breed rotational
three breed rota-terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| organized manner of mating the "selected" animals |
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Term
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Definition
| takes pure bred sire & pure bred dam. All progeny go to market. |
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Term
| Advantages to two breed terminal |
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Definition
| simple & it maximizes heterosis at 100% |
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Term
| Disadvantages to two breed terminal |
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Definition
Must maintain purebred herds
No heterosis in females |
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Term
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Definition
| takes pure bred sire and crossbred dam. heifers that are born into herd 1 are moved to herd 2 and bred with bull B. steers & cull heifers go to market |
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Term
| Advantages to two breed rotational |
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Definition
| simple, produces replacement females, heterosis in dam |
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Term
| disadvantages to two breed rotational |
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Definition
| only 67% heterosis, need two pastures |
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Term
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Definition
| like two breed but adds 1 more breed |
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Term
| advantages to three breed rotational |
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Definition
| about 86% heterosis, produces replacement females, heterosis in dam |
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Term
| disadvantages to three breed rotational |
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Definition
| large #s needed, multiple pastures needed, labor intensive |
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Term
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Definition
| two breed rotational except when heifers do not perform in A or B, you give them one last chance in herd C. Everything born from herd C goes to market. Heifers from A & B that also do not perform in C go to market. |
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Term
| Advantages to two breed rota-terminal |
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Definition
| produce replacement females, heterosis in females, max heterosis in terminal cross calves, complimentarity in terminal cross calves |
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Term
| Disadvantages to two breed rota-terminal |
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Definition
| only 67% heterosis in rotational calves, big #s needed, lots of management input |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine glands secrete hormones carried to other parts of the body through the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances that are carried by the blood stream to a target organ and elicit a consistent response |
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Term
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Definition
| pituitary, hypothalamus, gonads, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, pancreas, uterus, placenta |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| above the pituitary gland in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lobes on either side of the larynx |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by anterior pituitary |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH), Andrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH), Leteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL) |
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Term
| Hormones produced by the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Gonadotroppin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF), Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF), Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH), Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH), Corticotropin Releasing Hormone |
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Term
| Hormones produced by the gonads |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| aka somatotropin, stimulates growth of bone & muscle, extends lactation |
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Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| stimulates the thyroid gland |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids involved in energy metabolism |
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Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
male- FSH stimulates stroll cells in testes to initiate spermatogenesis up to secondary spermatocytes
female-FSH stimulates granolas cells in ovary to enlarge and develop the follicle on the ovary; also acts synergistically with lutenizing hormone to stimulate estrogen production |
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Term
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Definition
Male-stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone also called interstitial cell stimulating hormone when referring to males
female-stimulates luteal cells in the ovary to: ovulate, form the corpus lute, stimulate progesterone production & secreation, and it acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen production |
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Term
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Definition
Initiation & maintenance of lactation
Induces maternal behaivor |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of uterus & oviduct and therefore stimulates transport of sperm & ova and expels the fetus at parturition. Also stimulates the myoepthelial cells to cause "milk letdown" |
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Term
| Gonadotroppin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| Stimulates release of FSH & LH from anterior pituitary |
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Term
| Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) & Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF) |
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Definition
| inhibits & releases prolactin |
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Term
| Growth Hormone Releasing & Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormones (GHRH & GHIH) |
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Definition
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Term
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates release of ACTH from anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
produced in Leydig (interstitial) cells of the testes
stimulates spermatogenesis in the seminferous tubules
develops and maintains secondary sex glands
develops secondary sex characteristics
increases libido
increases nitrogen retention |
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Term
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Definition
produced in follicles on the ovary & placenta
stimulates "estrus" behavior
maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
needed for normal growth of uterus & female reproduction tract
stimulates duct development in the mammary gland
interacts with oxytocin & prostaglandin to increase uterine contractibility
increases nitrogen retention |
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Term
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Definition
produced by the CL & placenta
maintains pregnancy
promotes uterine glandular development
inhibits uterine contractions
acts synergistically with estrone to stimulate estrus behavior
promotes alveolar growth in the mammary glands
inhibits LH (blocks ovulation) |
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Term
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Definition
produced by the ovary
causes the relaxation & dilation of the cervix during birth
relaxation of the pubic synphasis during birth |
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Term
| Prostaglandin (PGFsub2alpha) |
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Definition
produced by uterus
causes regression of the CL and restarts estrous cycle which decreases progesterone |
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Term
| Triiodothronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) |
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Definition
Need iodine for normal function
accelerate all aspects of carb, lipid, and protein metabolism
increases basal metabolic rate and body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
produced by adrenal gland
stimulate gluconeogenesis (turns proteins into carbs) |
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Term
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Definition
produced by adrenal gland
regulate Na, Ca, and water balance |
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Term
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Definition
produced by adrenal gland
regulates fight or flight |
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Term
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Definition
produced by pancreas
regulates the passage of glucose in and out of the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 20 months compared to other animals which is around 5-18 months |
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Term
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Definition
| 17 days compared to 21-22 in others |
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Term
| Sperm production occurs in |
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Definition
seminiferous tubules (sertolli cells)
needs FSH and T2 to regulate production |
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Term
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Definition
houses & protects testes
maintains testicular temperature
Tunica Dartus and Cremaster muscles regulate testes distance from the body
Pampiniform plexus |
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Term
| Average temperature of testes in the bull |
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Definition
| 3-7F lower than body temperature |
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Term
| Average temperature of testes in ram |
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Definition
| 9-13F lower than body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
inside scrotum
regulates testes distance from body |
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Term
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Definition
in spermatic cord
regulates testes distance from body |
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Term
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Definition
| capillary system that allows blood temp to be changed before it reaches the testes |
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Term
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Definition
maturation, storage, and concentration of sperm cells
caput
corpus
caudal |
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Term
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Definition
head..closest to testes
fluid absorption occurs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tail..farthests from testes
sperm are concentrated and stored |
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Term
| Vas deferens/Doctus Deferens |
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Definition
| transport of sperm from caudal epididymus to urethra |
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Term
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Definition
enlarged portion of Vas near urethra
accumulation of sperm prior to ejaculation
absent in boar |
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Term
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Definition
| large muscular canal from bladder through penis |
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Term
| Seminal vesicle and prostate |
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Definition
| empty into urethra near the junction of the bladder |
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Term
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Definition
secretes fluid (citric acid, fructose, sorbitol) into urethra for the sperm
much larger in boars than in other species |
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Term
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Definition
secretes fluid containing buffers and minerals
small in the bull
absent in the ram |
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Term
| Bulbourethral (cowpers) gland |
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Definition
empties into the urethra away from bladder
secretes the "gel" fraction to semen that helps seal the cervix
large in the boar |
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Term
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Definition
copulatory organ
ejaculation of seminal fluids
expulsion of urine |
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Term
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Definition
s shaped (sigmoid flexure) when relaxed
retractor penis muscles that reform the S shape following copulation
same length all the time
present in bull, ram, and boar |
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Term
| Stallion gains erection through |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ova production
estrogen (from follicle) and progesterone (from CL) production |
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Term
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Definition
| Site for development of fetus and sperm transport |
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Term
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Definition
small uterine body and large horns
found in pig |
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Term
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Definition
larger uterine body and smaller horns
found in horse, cow, and ewe |
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Term
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Definition
neck of uterus
primary function to keep uterus clean
only open during parturition and estrus
thick walled
collagenous rings or folds
site for semen deposition in sow |
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Term
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Definition
birth canal at parturition and site of semen deposition in the cow and ewe
the urethra from the bladder enters into the vagina floor near the vulva |
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Term
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Definition
| external portion of the female genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
has the same embryonic origin as the male penis
highly innervated
clitoral massage-sometimes done with AI in cattle |
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Term
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Definition
increase uterine motility
may synchronize LH surge |
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Term
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Definition
cattle, sheep, pig 8-12 hours
horse 16-24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
cattle, sheep, pigs 24-48 hours
horse 72-120 hours |
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Term
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Definition
occurs at junction of ampulla and isthmus
results in zygote which divides cells about every 20 hours |
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Term
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Definition
goes from 1 to 2 cells
occurs about 24 hours after fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| within 2-3 days after fertilization |
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Term
| Zygote passes into the uterus |
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Definition
3-4 days after fertilization
called the morula stage
has 16-32 cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 5-8 days after fertilization |
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Term
| In general, lowly heritable traits exhibit a greater amount of heterosis than highly heritable ones |
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Definition
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Term
| Relaxin causes relaxation of the cervix during estrus to allow sperm to move through the cervix into the uterus for fertilization |
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Definition
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Term
| lobules are the basic secretory unit of the udder |
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Definition
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Term
| In the female repro tract, the fertile life of the ova is usually shorter than that of the sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| the sigmoid flexure can be found in the ram, buck, and bull, but not in the stallion or boar |
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Definition
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Term
| iodine is necessary for proper function of the thyroid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| a terminal crossbreeding program has more heterosis compared to a rotational crossbreeding program |
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Definition
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Term
| the hormones responsible for maintaining pregnancy, prostaglandin, is produced by both the placenta and the CL in cattle and pigs |
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Definition
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Term
| pigs have a digestive system very similar to humans which makes them excellent models for studying nutritional deficiencies |
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Definition
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Term
| US dairy cow numbers and total milk production have declined since the 70s |
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Definition
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Term
| a pregnant cow that has her ovaries removed during the last trimester of pregnancy has the ability to carry her fetus to term |
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Definition
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Term
| mose breeds of sheep mate in spring when days get longer |
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Definition
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Term
| lutalyse, a prostaglandin-based synchronization drug, requires multiple injections to synchronize the herd |
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Definition
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Term
| selection changes gene frequencies |
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Definition
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Term
| a declining level of progesterone in the blood means that an LH surge will occur within 8-12 hours |
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Definition
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Term
| the mare can conceive during a foal heat |
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Definition
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Term
| the major effect of inbreeding is to increase the number of pairs of heterozygous alleles at homologous gene sites |
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Definition
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Term
| two breed terminal crossbreed program maximizes heterosis in offspring |
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Definition
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Term
| in the cotyledonary type of placental attachment, cotyledons from the fetal tissue and caruncles from the maternal tissue form placentomes which allow transfer of nutrients from the dam to the fetus |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the system of mating individuals that are less closely related than the average animals in a population |
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Definition
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Term
| in the blastocyst, the ____________ develops into the placenta |
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Definition
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Term
| the four parts of the oviduct are the __________, infundibulum, ampulla, and ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| embryo transfer is a process that includes super ovulation of an outstanding female using the hormones _________ and __________ followed by breeding of the female and _________ to remove the viable embryos |
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Definition
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Term
| the ________ which is absent in the boar, is an enlarged portion of the vas deferens that stores semen in species that ejaculate quickly |
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Definition
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Term
| the synchronization hormone, __________, used in the CIDR, is given to the female for a period of time and then removed to bring about estrus |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is defined as the increased performance of the crossbred offspring compared to the average of the purebred parents |
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Definition
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Term
| the three membranes of the placenta are the __________ which is the closest to the fetus, the __________ which is the middle membrane, and the ________ which is the closest to the uterus |
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Definition
| amnion, allantois, chorion |
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Term
| _______ is the primary hormone that causes ovulation and ________ is the primary hormone that causes growth of the follicle |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ develops on the ovary after the ovulation of a mature ova from a _______ follicle |
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Definition
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Term
| the two primary suspensory ligaments of the udder are the ______________ and the __________ |
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Definition
| median suspensory, lateral suspensory |
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Term
| Sows and mares have __________ placental attachment while cows and ewes have _________ attachment |
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Definition
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Term
| the average gestation length of cows is __________ while the sow's gestation length is _________ and the ewes is ______ |
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Definition
| 275 days, 114 days, 147 days |
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Term
| _________ is the hormone produced by the uterus that signals the cow that she is not pregnant and causes regression of the CL |
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Definition
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Term
| the dairy cow produces about _____% of her milk from the front two quarters |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ is the female with the shortest estrous cycle while the _____ is the female with the longest estrus |
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Definition
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Term
| the site of semen deposition in the cow is the ________ while the boar deposits his semen in the _________ of the sow |
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Definition
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Term
| an ewe has a _______ type uterus with a large body and small horns while the sow has a ________ uterus with large horns |
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Definition
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Term
| in the ram, spermatogenesis occurs in the ________ while testosterone is produced in the ______ |
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Definition
| stroll cells, leydig cells |
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Term
| in the inner cell mass, the _______ develops into muscle, the _______ develops into the brain and spinal tissues and the ______ develops into the digestive tract |
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Definition
| mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm |
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Term
| hormones produced by the _____ are involved in regulating water balance and the "fight or flight" response |
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Definition
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Term
| signs that a sow is exhibiting estrus |
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Definition
swollen vulva
stands to be ridden
erect ears |
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Term
| Checking twice a day, you would breed a sow showing estrus when? |
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Definition
| 12 hours after detection & 12 hours after 1st breeding |
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Term
| accessory sex glands of stallion |
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Definition
cowpers gland
prostate gland
seminal vesicle |
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Term
| factors other than management that influence milk production |
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Definition
| age, breed, size, nutrition,disease, season, mastitis |
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Term
| ways to reduce birth weight in beef cattle |
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Definition
| age & size of dam, ambient temperature, increase litter size, genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone release, nutrition, waste removal, respiration, protection |
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Term
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Definition
| superior genetics, disease control, eliminates excess males, accurate record keeping |
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Term
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Definition
| vocalization, mounting other cows, swelling of vulva, stands to be mounted |
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Term
| it is important for the dairy calf to stay with its mother for the first 7 days to receive adequate colostrum |
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Definition
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Term
| there is usually no transfer between a dairy cow's udder quarters |
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Definition
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Term
| incomplete milking of a dairy cow can cause decline in production |
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Definition
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Term
| estrumate, a prostaglandin, requires multiple injections to synchronize a herd |
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Definition
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Term
| estrogen is the hormone responsible for the alveolar development in the mammary glands |
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Definition
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Term
| increasing roughage to a dairy cow decreases fat content of milk |
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Definition
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Term
| approximately 20% more milk will be obtained when milking 4x/day compared to 3x/day |
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Definition
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