Term
| Possible Selves (or multiple selves) |
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Definition
| An important aspect of the ideal or imagined self, what individuals might become/what they would like to become/what they are afraid of becoming |
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Term
| How does the 'ideal self' and 'real self' influence psychological adjustment of adolescents? |
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Definition
| An adolescent may experience adjustment problems if the difference is too great |
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Term
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Definition
personas or exagerations
-ideal self
-"false-self"
-social comparison
-self-consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| SES, education, popularity, etc. Can influence the emergence of self-consciousness. |
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Term
| "Big-five" factors of personality |
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Definition
| OCEAN = openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
"Big-Five"
O = Openness (to new experiences. Variety vs. routine.) |
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Term
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Definition
"Big-Five"
C = conscientiousness (organization, discipline. Careful vs. careless) |
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Term
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Definition
"Big-Five"
E = extraversion (vs. intraversion) |
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Term
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Definition
"Big-Five"
A = agreableness (feeling for others/compassionate/empathetic or guarded) |
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Term
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Definition
"Big-Five"
N = neuroticism (emotional stability. anxious or calm? secure of insecure?) |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited genetic pre-dispositions |
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Term
| stable aspects of personality |
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Definition
| aggression, dependence, sociability, shyness |
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Term
| unstable (changing) aspects of personality |
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Definition
| maturity, self-control, confidence |
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Term
| According to Mischel, how is personality influenced by situational factors? |
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Definition
| He suggested the five factor method is limited. Instead, personality varies according to environmental influences or the situation. BOTH traits AND situations must be considered. |
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Term
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Definition
| first major, large-scale, longitudinal study of temperament -- easy, difficult, and slot-to-warm-up children |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive Affect and Approach (extraversion), Negative Affectivity (irritability, emotional stability, neuroticism), Effortful Control (self-regulation, soping, self-soothing strategies, delay of gratification) |
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Term
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Definition
| Global evaluative dimension of the self; self worth; good or bad person / positive or negative |
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Term
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Definition
| Domain specific evaluations of the self (appearance, academic, athletic, etc.) |
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Term
| Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents |
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Definition
(Harter) areas that contribute to adolescent self-esteem
-competence
-social acceptance
-physical appearance
-behavioral conduct
-close friendship
-romantic appeal |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Decline in self-esteem in adolescence, especially famales, linked to negative body images, 2) Decrease in self-esteem during and after life-transitions, 3) Fluctuation in self-esteem over the life span |
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Term
| Erikson's beliefs on Identity vs. Identity Confusion |
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Definition
| Youth who cope with conflicting roles form a new sense of identity; adolescents who do not resolve crisis may withdraw into isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| (Erikson) gap between dependence and autonomy; role esperimentation |
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Term
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Definition
| perioed in which adolescents choose among meaningul alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
| personal investment in what an individual is going to do |
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Term
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Definition
| (James Marcia) Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Achievement |
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Term
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Definition
| Haven't explored the alternatives or made a commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| Haven't explored the alternatives, but have made a commitment (parent influence) |
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Term
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Definition
| Have explored the alternatives but have not made a commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| Have explored the alternatives and made a commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| stories we construct to define who we are, how we live |
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Term
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Definition
| turning points in relationships, autonomy, life events (break-ups, graduations, etc.) |
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Term
| Family Influences on Identity |
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Definition
| Individuality vs. Connectedness. Low connectedness with parents may result in some sort of identity confusion.Enabling vs. Constraining. |
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Term
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Definition
| self assertion: ability to have and communicate a point of view. Separateness: communicating how one is different from others (adolescents need their own identity). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitivity, respect for, and openness to other people's views (perspective taking). |
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Term
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Definition
| Adolescents identity in their ethnic group, and majority culture. European-American, Asian-American, African-American. |
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Term
| What did Erikson believe about the role of identity in the stage of intimacy versus isolation? |
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Definition
| Sense of self, identity achievement, supports intimacy. If crisis is not resolved, individual may isolate themselves. |
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Term
| What are the central characteristics of emotional competence in adolescence? |
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Definition
| Perceiving emotions in others; regulating negative emotions; etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to favor one's cultural group over other cultural groups; people perceive their own cultural customs as universal, good for everyone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion and language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ideals, values, assumptions passed from generation to generation.1 |
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Term
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
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Definition
| Grouping people by occupational, educational, or economic characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals relinquish their cultural identity, integrity: integrate into mainstream society |
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Term
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Definition
| becoming member of majority culture, maintaining distinct cultural identity (gradual process of immersion) |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals adopt/alternate their behavior to fit a particular social context (ie- "code-switching" for example between home and school/work) |
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Term
| Multicultural Model of Cultural Adaptation |
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Definition
| (1) All groups can maintain and/or develop their cultural identity (2) Work to develop other-group acceptance and tolerance (3) engage in intergroup contact and sharing (4) learn each other's language |
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Term
| Parenting style of low SES parents |
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Definition
| authoritarian; concerned that their children will conform to society's expectations; physical punishment |
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Term
| Parenting style of middle SES parents |
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Definition
| concerned with children developing initiative/delay of gratification; egalitarian approach: discussion, conversational, less directive |
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Term
| Children from low SES parents |
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Definition
| at risk for depression, low self-confidence, peer conflict, delinquency |
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Term
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Definition
| More women than men are living in poverty (30% of single mothers); incomes inequality, divorce, lax child support enforcement |
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Term
| What types of stressors are recent immigrants to the U.S. likely to experience? |
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Definition
| language barrier, dislocation, loss of support networks, SES |
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Term
| What is the "double disadvantage" for many ethnic minority adolescents? |
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Definition
| prejudice, discrimination, and stress of living in poverty |
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Term
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Definition
| Can create conflict between immigrant parents and adolescents; may lead to depression, conduct problems, substance use |
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Term
| Characteristics of prejudice in adolescence |
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Definition
| differential treatment based on ethnicity, sex, age, religion; bias in classroom: not adapted to learning styles of ethnic minority students |
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Term
| Psychological effects of living in poverty |
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Definition
| Powerlessness, reduced autonomy, vulnerability; Limited educational and vocational opportunities |
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Term
| Environmental inequalities for adolescents living in poverty |
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Definition
| Less social support, authoritarian parenting, low monitoring; Inferior schools and child-care, less access to books and computers; Pollution (lead, mercury), overcrowding, dangerous neighborhoods |
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Term
| Media habits of young vs. older adolescents |
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Definition
Young (10-13): disclose personal information onsline.
Older (18-24): discuss sex, females implicitly, males explicitly |
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Term
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Definition
| (Alice Eagly) Gender differences result from contrasting roles of females and males; Social hierarchy-- in most cultures females have less power/status |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Theory of Gender |
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Definition
| Based on Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory: Gender development is influenced by observation/imitation; rewards and punishments. |
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Term
| Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender |
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Definition
| Gender-typing occurs after children think of themselves as boys and girls; Kohlberg believed gender development depends on cognitive development. |
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Term
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Definition
| (6-7 years) Understanding that sex is constant despite changes in appearance |
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Term
| What are the major physical differences (in brain structure) of males and females? |
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Definition
| (1) portions of the corpus callosum tend to be larger in females than males (2) area of the parietal lobe associated with visuospatial skills larger in males (3) brain areas involved in emotional expression more active in women (4) area of the hypothalamus associated with sexuality is larges in heterosexual males |
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Term
| What are the major cognitive similarities between males and females? |
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Definition
| Considerable overlap in distribution of scores for math/visiospatial tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender Controversy: Females and Males similar on most psychological factors; differences are exaggerated; motor skills/sexuality/aggression are the main differences for her |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender Controversy: Gender differences caused by adaptive problems over evolutionary history |
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Term
| Psychological characteristics of androgynous individuals` |
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Definition
| Mores flexible, mentally healthy; linked to well-being and lower levels of stress; higher expectations for controlling outcomes of academic efforts |
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Term
| Gender-Role Transcendence |
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Definition
| parents raise competent children rather than masculine/feminine roles |
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Term
| Gender Intensification Hypothesis |
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Definition
| (Lynch) Differences between boys and girls become greater in early adolescence; increased socialization pressure to conform to traditional gender roles; family/culture = strong influence on effect of gender intensification |
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Term
| How does Carol Gilligan describe adolescent females' "different voice?" |
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Definition
| Adolescent girls may begin to "silence" their internal voice; less confident |
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Term
| Important changes in sexual attitudes and behavior |
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Definition
| Adolescents are waiting until they are older to have sexual intercourse; engaging in oral sex before having intercourse; proportion of youth reporting sexual intercourse has increased dramatically |
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Term
| Sexual attitudes and experiences: males |
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Definition
| 7 in 10 boys are virgins at age 15; expected to initiate sexual activity, peer pressure to have intercourse |
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Term
| Sexual attitudes and experiences: females |
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Definition
| 8 in 10 girls are virgins at age 15; link intercourse with love; rationalize sexual behavior by passionate feelings; expected to set limits to male's sexual advances |
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Term
| Main reasons adolescents give for having sex |
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Definition
| (1) pressure from boy/girl: 61% girls, 23% boys (2) want to be loved: 45% girls, 28% boys (3) don't want to be teased about being virgin: 43% girls, 38% boys |
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Term
| Double-Standard for Sexual Activity |
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Definition
| Restricts girls from experiencing/talking about sexuality; boys have free rein. Girls depicted as object of desire, but not as having desires of their own. |
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Term
| Risk factors for sexual problems |
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Definition
| ineffective use of contraceptives, unwanted pregnancy, STDs, use of alcohol/drugs/lower achievement in school; low SES, family/parenting styles, parental monitoring, siblings, and peer influences |
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Term
| major factors associated with sexual minority behavior |
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Definition
| BIOLOGICAL: Critical prenatal period; brain structure (hypothalamus) BEHAVIORAL: If ones twin identifies (2/3 identical, 1/3 fraternal |
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Term
| Self-Stimulation (Masturbation) |
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Definition
| Most frequent sexual outlet for many adolescents. Decreased stigma (15%) buts still associated with embarrassment. Almost twice as many males (81%) report masturbating than females (45%) |
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Term
| Adolescent Contraceptive Use |
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Definition
| Increasing numbers of adolescents use contraceptives, large number do not. Personal concern about AIDS/partner's appreciation of condom use. Adolescents in Canada, the UK, France, and Sweden used contraceptives effectively |
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Term
| Risk factors related to unsuccessful contraceptive use by adolescents |
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Definition
| Low SES family background/age/relationship status; Not being in steady, committed dating relationship; Concerns about embarrassment, reduced sensation |
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Term
| Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy in the U.S. |
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Definition
| (1) Childbearing not always seen as strictly an adult activity (2) unclear messages about sexual behavior (3) access to family planning services (4) STD education (5) school/community health classes |
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Term
| Most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |
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Definition
| GENITAL WARTS: caused by the Human Papiloma Virus; highly contagious; most common STI. GONNORRHEA: Bacterial infection that thrives in moist mucous membranes, a.k.a. the "clap". SYPHILIS: Bacterial infection caused by spirochete, treatable with penicillin |
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Term
| Recent Research on HIV/AIDS |
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Definition
| Higher percentage of adolescent AIDS cases acquired heterosexually; high percentage of adolescents are asymptomatic (symptomatic as adults); high percentage of African American and Latino cases occur in adolescents |
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Term
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Definition
| unwanted sexual activity between persons of lower and higher status |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe, persistent, pervasive unwanted sexual attention or behavior; Limits a person's ability to work or pursue studies |
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