Term
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Definition
| the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being male or female. Gender is not what you're born with. Nurture. |
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Definition
| what you're supposed to be according to your parts |
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Definition
| ainting room a pink for girl. Giving bows. He's a boy his names sasha. Gave him whatever clothes he wanted wear. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| process which we aqurire thoughts feelings and behaviors. Parents, schools etc. process we go through to aquire gender role. |
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Term
| Gender role for girls on dates? |
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Definition
| Strokes the guy's ego. Makes guy feel good. Assumes submissive position. Come alive during puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomy is destiny- out of date. W/e you're born with chromsonly, that is how you're going to act. |
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Term
| Example of Freud and Erikson |
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Definition
| Male being a female run way model but no intention of getting a sex change |
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Term
| Evolutionary psychology and gende |
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Definition
| gaging how others acting and adapting behaviors. In general, males will generally select (including buss) on looks women will select mates povide and financially provide. Think why we evolved. |
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Term
| David Buss' sexual strategy theory |
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Definition
| males younger women fertile. Older established men. What you're supposed to do! |
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Term
| Social role theory of gender |
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Definition
Gender differences result from roles
Parental influence. |
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Term
| Social Cog theory of gender |
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Definition
| Says going to get gender differences by observe and imitate. (bandura) |
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Term
| Gender development influenced by: |
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Definition
Observation and imitation
rewards and punishment-
Siblings |
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Term
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Definition
| looking and experimenting |
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Term
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Definition
| bias against boys and girls |
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Term
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Definition
| expect them to be more bad. Disruptive, loud |
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Term
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Definition
| Girls aren't going to be good at this. Dissapeared a whole lot. |
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Term
| Social influence on gender |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TV shows directed at adolescents are extremely stereotyped in their portrayal of the sexes, especially teenage girls |
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Term
| Kohlberg's theory applys with |
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Definition
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Term
| Kohlberg's cog develop theory |
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Definition
| Qualitative-reach certain statge. Quality of thinking. Stage is discontinous. Because, kohlberg says you have to have idea of gender. Gender constancy-i'm a girl and i'm always a girl. Before gender typing occurs. Know what you are then do gender typing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schema fuels typings-building on itself. Like: i'm a girl people giving me dolls. I guess i'm supposed to play with it. Associated with being agirl. (quantitative) |
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Term
| Both theories stress that |
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Definition
| indviduals actively construct their gender world.(piaget and kohlberg) |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad categories reflecting impressions and beliefs about females and males. |
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Term
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Definition
(women shouldn't work, aren't able to do certain things)
Prejudice (thoughs) and discrimination (action) against an individual becaose his or her sex. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Physical similarities and diffs |
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Definition
| men have longer bones typically taller/stronger/muscle mass. Girls to carry more body fat to carry babies |
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Term
| Differences in brains (women) |
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Definition
Corpus callosum are thicker, more folds.
Hypothalamus more active.
Amygdala more active
Parietal lobe is bigger in women |
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Term
| Differences in brain (men) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cog similarities and diffs |
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Definition
| Females better at communication. Developed based on evolution and enviroment. Males still have visual spatial skills. Verbal differences kind of disappeared. Guys are catching up. Academically over all, women do better. Part of males being better in math and science is kind of true. Not so much they start better, still gender diff in what they like to do. In hs males are in AP math and science. In college more likely to see males in this building. Engi and math. |
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Term
| Socioemotional similarities and diffs- |
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Definition
| ggression. It's accepted. (among males). Prosocial behavior- helping others (women). Regulating behavior (women). Communication- one of main things is probllem |
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Term
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Definition
| women and language of conversations way of establishing relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| (males) talk that gives info. |
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Term
| Feminine high androgynous (considered healthy. Why? |
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Definition
| Able to see both sides...from 60s..what happened? Help girls? Yeah. Did help men? Harder. |
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Term
| Traditional masculinity and problem behaviors in adolescent males. |
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Definition
Boys are socialized to not show feelings and act tough-linked to problem behvairos. Risky sex. Delinquet behavior.
Boys could benefit from being socialized to express anxieties and concerns. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that when an individuals competence is at issue (androgynouy isn't good because it's gender roled), it should be conceptualzized on a perosn basis rather than basis of masculinity, feminity, or androgyny. |
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Term
| Gender intensification hypotheis |
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Definition
| behaviors and psych diffs between boys and girls intensifies at early adolescences. Diff becomes more pronounced. |
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Term
| Is early adolescence a critical juncture for females? |
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Definition
| Gilligan. Girls experience life differently than boys. A different voice that sometimes voices are silenced. She studied a bunch of adolescent females. |
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Term
| What's missing in Gilligan's theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adolescence/emerging adulthood |
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Definition
| are typically times of sexual exploration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what can egocentrism lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If person is homo/hetero. |
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Term
| Sexual orientation leads to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Men are supposed to make the move, men want sex, etc. |
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Term
| Parental conflict/early dating |
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Definition
| Conflict with parents. Linked with early dating adolescent problems. |
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Term
| The sexual culture of the time |
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Definition
| mom always calls you and threatens. |
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Term
| Sexual identity development |
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Definition
| deals with exploration. What have you come to? How did you develop? Early late? How you develop gonna effect how you explore. |
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Term
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Definition
| - internet. tv. If you don't have good info might be risky. What about being open to questions as a parent? |
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Term
| % of sexually active college youth |
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Definition
| increased dramatically. 60S, sex revolution etc. co-ed with women. |
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Term
| Proportion of sexually active college female |
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Definition
| increased more rapidly than males. - proportion was low. Birth control became available. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| linked with early initiation with sexual activity. If females mature early, gonna be hunted early |
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Term
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Definition
| ffects attitdue and behavior. Just depends on peers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stereotyped pattern of role prescriptions for how individuals should behave sexually. How your socialized to act sexualized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example: trying to score homerun. Or make progression towards it. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Contexts of the adolescent's life |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if don't have self regulation, risk factors for later problems. Males have more sexual partners than females. 30% of emerging adult hooked up with someone in past month. Into young adult, it decreases. |
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Term
| Risk factors for sexual activity |
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Definition
| Females active, contexts of the adol's life, poor self regulation. |
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Term
| Sexual minority attitudes and behavior |
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Definition
| First same sex attraction, sexual behavior and self labeling as a gay male or lesbian typically occurs during adolesence. |
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Term
| Factors related to sexual minority behavior |
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Definition
Scientific findings of a genetic contribution BUT we are from understanding.
Hormone studies.
Anatomical structures
twin studies |
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Term
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Definition
| inconsistent. Is there a crtical period in uteral. When baby is forming diff hormones. Is there a critical period getting too much of one and can affect sexual attraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothalamus in charge of sex drive. Some evidence. Hypothalamus, larger in males than females. Homosexual males is smaller. Critized homosexual sample died of AIDS. |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic identical studies. 2/3 were the same. Homo or hetero. 1/3 not. |
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Term
| Gay parents are not going to cause |
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Definition
| child to be homo. Choosing opposite sex role models not true. What we know is a factor. Combo, genetic, hormonoal, cog, and enviroment factors. |
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Term
| Gay male or lesbian disclosure |
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Definition
| coming out of the closet. Shame. |
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Term
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Definition
| what friends think of you. When you come out of the closet in college. |
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Term
| Extreme forms of homophobia |
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Definition
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Term
| Typical forms of homophobia |
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Definition
| avoiding people. Avoiding friends when you find out their gay. Subtle discrimination. |
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Term
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Definition
| hold themselves as heterosexual. |
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Term
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Definition
Most frequent sexual outlet for many adolescent. doesnt affect sexually orientation.
Today as few as 15 percent adolescents attach any stigma to masturbation
almost twice as many males than females...admit to it. |
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Term
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Definition
Increased use in adolescents-not always prepared.
Issue is more difficult for adolescent than adults because of differieng patterns of sexual activity- not convient to have it when you need it. Males it's for convience. Females it's peer influence. |
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Term
| Factors related to Unsucessful contraceptive |
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Definition
| if going on life you might not want. Main factor: Being from low socioeconomic family. Info not given in time. Age. |
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Term
| Younger adolescence less likely to use contraceptive. Why? |
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Definition
| If adolescence not in steady relationship, less likely to use contraceptive. |
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Term
| Sexual problems in adolescence include: |
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Definition
Adolescent pregnancy-
Sexually transmitted infections
Forcible sexual behavior-
sexual harrasment |
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Term
| in past...50s what happened if pregant? |
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Definition
| Married or shipped the girl off. |
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Term
| Cross-cultural comparison |
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Definition
| US-one of highest adolescent pregnancy in the world. |
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Term
| US-one of highest adolescent pregnancy in the world. why? |
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Definition
| Other countries, sex education is more info. Gov provided. America is mixed message. European country, generational thing, attitude child bearing is an adult activity. |
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Term
| Decreasing US adol pregnancy rates |
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Definition
In 2009, births to adol girls fell to a record low.
Greatest drop in the recent years has been 15-17 year old african american girls. Why? More info. Can see consequences. Less descrimation gender and race. Fear of STDs. AIDS. |
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Term
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Definition
Availability- available in US. Law on late term abortion.
US 19% of abortions are performed on 15-19 year old girls.
US experience varies by state and region.- if poor woman in certain state, a lot harder to get abortion. Discriminating. Before abortion you have to listen to baby's heart beat.
Parent consent controversy-
Pro life and pro choice advocates: |
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Term
| Pro life and pro choice advocates: |
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Definition
both convinced of the rightness of their positions.
Possible consequences of adol pregnancy- if mother chooses to have child. Hide it. Not getting prenatal care.
Health risks for both baby and the mother-
Adol mothers often drop out of school- |
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Term
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Definition
Less competnt at child rearing
Fewer resources
Less realsitic expectations for their infants' development
Majority of fathers are not involved. |
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Term
| Reducing adolescent pregnancy- |
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Definition
Sex education and family planning-
access to contraception-
the life options approach-
Community involvement and support
Abstinence |
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Term
| Community involvement and support |
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Definition
| if you do get pregnant, go and put child in daycare and stuff. |
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Term
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Definition
| sub populations of black females and males and more future oriented. Take care of yourself now. |
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Term
| Cog factors in adol pregnancy |
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Definition
| What (eriksons) seems to predict contraceptive use is their acceptance of themselves and their sexuality. Easier for self regulation when you know who you are. |
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Term
| STDs/ Sex transmitted infections. |
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Definition
Contracted primarily through sexual contact
not limited to vaginal intercourse
includes oral-genital and anal-genital contact.
No cure
bacterial STIs |
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Term
| Aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)- |
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Definition
| no cure. Treatment keeping them alive. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
penicllin cure.
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
| invincible gonorrhea. Super bug. Strain resistant to all known immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| untreated: rot skin. Go blind. Sores. Can paralyze you. Can make you go mad and kill you. |
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Term
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Definition
| among all common in STDs. Most common on campus. Scary thing: no symptoms. |
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Term
| Date, or acquantance rape |
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Definition
| most common. Influence of alcohol. Did not consent. |
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Term
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Definition
| can slip stuff retinol. Date rape drug |
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Term
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Definition
| females going to work in a male oriented career. |
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Term
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Definition
| if you do this for me, i'll give you this. |
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Term
| 3 traditional facets of moral development: |
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Definition
thoughts
behaviors (traditional)
feelings (traditional) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Moral development is based on moral reasoning-it unfolds in a series of stages.
INTERNALIZATION |
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Term
| Controlled by a charismatic leader who: |
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Definition
Fosters idea of only one correct set of beliefs and practices
demands unquestionable loyalty and obedience
uses mind-control techs- a lot easier to control someone's thinking when lost.
uses deceptions and deceit in recruiting and interacting with the outside world
Esploits members labor and finances.
Not folloing the laws or legal decency. Leadership is a dictator, group prepares to fight or ideological or physical war. |
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Term
| What is the diff between a cult and a church, a service club, or groups like alcholoics anonymous? |
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Definition
| Choice. Too far in a cult to choose. Social isolation. Church does outreach. Uses deception and recruiting of members. Cult doesn't get the whole story.Religions don't have authoritarian control of that leader. Uses deception and recruiting of members. |
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Term
| scientology religion or cult? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Who are in a transition period. lost and unaccepted. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Child and adols socialize parents just as parents socialize them. |
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Term
| Subsystems defined in terms of: |
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Definition
Generation- young kid/adult
Gender-
Role- |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| if mom and son argue, and dad walks in, what happens? |
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Definition
| The presence of father tends to aleviate a little, why? Disrespect mother infront of dad. |
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Term
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Definition
| differently depending on members |
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Term
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Definition
| child behavior and developmental |
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Term
| child behavior and development |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Family processes affected by |
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Definition
Maturation
Adol changes
Parental changes
Parental age |
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Term
| Mother and son on puberty during problems? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| going through “changes” menopause...all kids about to leave and go to school. Retirement crisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| are more involved with their kids. |
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Term
| parent roles, who takes bulk of parenting role |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
managers of opportunities
monitors of behavior
mothers more likely than fathers to have a managergial role in parenting. |
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Term
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Definition
| things can go wrong. factor most related to juvenile deliquency. |
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Term
| can lead to problems if authoritarian parents... |
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Definition
| can fail to initiate stuff. poor communication skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| democratic. socialy compentent. can lead to a child that has no selfcontrol. |
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Term
| Diana Baumrind emphasized four styles of parenting... |
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Definition
Authoritarian-”because shut up”
authoritative- democratic parent. Encourage independence.
neglectful
indulgent |
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Term
| Conditions that place children and adolescents at developmental risk: |
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Definition
poor coordination
Active undermining and disparagment of other parent
lack of cooperation and warmth
DC by one parenting partner |
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Term
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Definition
| not picking up child (thought you were picking him up..if it happens a lot, pass negative consequences for child) |
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Term
| Active undermining and disparagment of other parent- |
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Definition
| if not united front (comes up in divorce) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Parent-adolescent conflict |
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Definition
Escalates in early adolescences
About 20% of parents and adols engage in pronlonged, intense, repeated, unhealthy conflict-
Adol runaways |
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Term
| consequences of unhealthy conflict |
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Definition
| rebel, act out, get in trouble, drugs, sex, alchol, drop out. RUNAWAY. cults. |
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Term
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Definition
| unhappy home causes it, feel unhappy, abuse, neglect, cult, in love. Key: warning signs. gradual process. sex traffiking. |
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Term
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Definition
| goes away for the weekend. |
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Term
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Definition
| modern day slavery. forced to do work. not paying them. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| self-direction and independence |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to relinquish emotional dependencies on parents |
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Term
| Developmental transitions- |
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Definition
| getting married, having kids etc |
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Term
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Definition
Mother/caregiver is used as a 'base'
important foundation |
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Term
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Definition
avoids/resists/ambivalent to caregiver
related to later difficulties
3 types. |
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Term
| example of secure attachment |
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Definition
| watch toddler play, and go back to mom. |
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Term
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Definition
dismissing/avoidant attachment
preoccupied/ambivalent attachment
unresolved/disorganized attachment |
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Term
| Example of avoidant attachment style |
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Definition
| don't for stuff. Avoid stuff. Fear of commitment, problems with relationships. |
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Term
| Dimissing/avoidant can lead to... |
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Definition
| in males, can link to be aggressive. |
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Term
| preoccupied/ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| parents being inconsistent. Makes adol be hypertuned super vigilant, aware of attachment exp, rejection. |
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Term
| adult of preoccupied/ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| anxious of others reaction. |
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Term
| unresolved/disorganized attachment |
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Definition
| high level of fear. Traumatic event, caregiver dies, abuse. |
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Term
| Three important characteristics of sibling relationships: |
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Definition
Emotional quality
familiarity and intimacy
variation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| birth-order effect is often |
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Definition
| over-emphasized- not as important. |
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Term
| Weight of research on divorce |
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Definition
| most adols cope completently; no significant, long-lasting adjustment problems. |
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Term
| Adols adjustment in divorced families |
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Definition
Linked to poorer adjustment (25 v 10%)
Risks are greater for multiple divorces
Weight of research: |
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Term
| Factors for risk vulnerability |
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Definition
The age of child at onset of divorce- attachment might get affected.
adol's adjustment prior to the divorce
personality and temperament of child
Developmental status
gender
custody
relocation |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| should parents stay together for the sake of the children and adols? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How much do family processes matter in divorced families? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role does socioeconomic status play the lives of adols in divorced families? |
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Definition
| affect negatively, economic decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on who has primary custoryd (stepfather, stepmother, blended) |
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Term
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Definition
| good one. Stepfamily so blended looks and operated like a traditional family.takes a few years |
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Term
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Definition
| mom has primary custody. Marries a man. Still her kids. Step father is a bystander. can pose a problem, not well blended. |
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Term
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Definition
| most likely end in divorce. ramnticized. Adults and kids have unrealistic expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
| don't know what role is in new family. met in neotradiational |
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Term
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Definition
| more problems psychological and school related with adopted children compared to non adopted children. BUT age of adoption is what drives that difference. |
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Term
| gay male and lesbian parents |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| ethnic minority families differ from non latino white american families: in their size, structure and composition, reliance on kinship networks, level of income and edu, sense of family duty/obligation |
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Term
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Definition
3 levels of moral development
each level has 2 stages (6 stages in all) |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental change from behavior that is externally controlled to behavior that is controlled by internal standards or principles. (doing what's right internally). |
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Term
Level one: (kohl)
Stage 1 and 2: |
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Definition
pre conventional reasoning
Lowest level
no internalization of moral values
controlled by external rewards and punishments
Stage 1. Heteronomous morality-hit brother not because it's wrong because get in trouble because mom is there. Might something to see on short answer, but don't try to right all.
Moral thinking is often tied to punishment.
Stage 2. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange- decisions might be tied to equal exchange. Little boy 8-9 riding on bicycle. Other boy wants to borrow, hm...that kid has a cool skateboard, I think i'll ask for skateboard.
Purse their own interests and let others do the same.
Moral thinking tied to reward and equal exchange. |
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Term
| Most adols are at level what in kohl's theory? |
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Definition
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Term
Kohlberg's level 2
Stage 3 and 4 |
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Definition
conventional reasoning
Some internalization
Individuals abide by internal standards, but they are the standards of others (external; eg parents or laws).
Stage 3. mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Individuals value trust, caring, and lotalty to others.
Stage 4. Social systems morality.
Emphasis on the social order, law, justice, and duty. |
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Term
Kohl's lvl 3
Stage 5 and 6 |
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Definition
Post conventional reasoning (cog).
Highest lvl
Morality is completly internalized- key process.
Personal moral code depends on what you feel
Stage 5: social contract or utility and individual rights- one principles for good.
Values, rights, and principles transcend the law.
Stage 6: Universal ethics, principles.
Moral standards based on universal human rights. right to human dignity. |
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Term
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Definition
| watches mom die of cancer, then goes to pot. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Influences on kohl's stages |
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Definition
cog development necessary but not efficient
expose to appropriate social exp - advanced chats
peer interaction.
parent and child experience-if parent authroitative influence |
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Term
| Why is peer interaction important? |
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Definition
| learn views and listen. moral change in generations. |
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Term
| Why is Kohl's theory important for understanding moral development in adol? |
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Definition
| presents cohesive universal theory (stage like) dev takes in account of rules and important development. |
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Term
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Definition
moral reasoning not necessarily linked to moral behavior
Some develop faults the quality of kohl's research. compile data by coding not statical fool proof data.
Moral reasoning is more culture specific than Kohl envisioned. |
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Term
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Definition
Facet 1:social conventional reasoning. Focuses on thoughts about social consenses and convention
moral reasoning - lie, cheat, assults, ephasizes ethical issues.
Personal reasoning- how do i dress. issues about privacy and personal choice
Facet 2: moral behavior.
Behavriost view: basic processes responsible for adol's moral behavior
Facet 3: moral feelings
Psychoanalytic theory
ego ideal
consciounce
empathy
gratitude |
|
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Term
| example of social conventional reasoning (domain theory) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of moral reasoning |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| new way to defriend people on FB |
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Term
| Behaviroist view involves |
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Definition
reinforcement
punishment
imitation |
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Term
| Situation specific moral behavior |
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Definition
| rarely are always moral/immoral. depends on situation. |
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| Moral behavior social cog's view |
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Definition
moral competence
moral perfections
moral thoughts
forgiveness |
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| ability to envision moral behaviors |
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| performing those behaviors is specific situations |
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| good for others might not get back |
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2 parts to super ego:
ego ideal
conscience |
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| feelings. helps with moral behavior |
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Term
| moral personality (contemporary perspective) |
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Definition
| thoughts, feelings, behavior |
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| 3 aspects of moral personality |
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Definition
moral ID
moral character
Moral exemplars |
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Definition
| moral notions, central in lives |
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| anyone strong convictions do the right things, sometimes at financial expense |
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| human example moral lives. |
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| example of moral exemplar |
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| Parental discipline techniques |
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Definition
Love withdrawal
Power assertion authoritarian
Induction |
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Definition
| least desirable, parents mad and feel unloved |
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| authoritarian. spank, grounding |
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| using authoritative and explaine the rule. consequences |
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| character edu v. values classification |
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Definition
| junior/high schol. indirect approach. teachers define them. |
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Definition
| value things. democ and justice. |
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| forced community service. |
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beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be
Reflect the intrapersonal dimenstion of morality |
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Term
| 2 aspects of values increase during the cog |
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Definition
| self fullfillment and self expression. |
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Term
| positive role of religion and spirituality |
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Definition
positive outcomes for adol and emerging adults.
affects adol health and wehther they engage in problem behavior.
adol may internalize their religion's message about caring and concern for people. |
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Term
| Fowler's theory of religious Dev |
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Definition
| focuses on motivation to discover meaning in life, either within or outside organized religion |
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Term
| 6 stages of religious dev |
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Definition
1. intuitative
2. mythical
3. synthetic conventional faith
4. indivuative
5. conjuctive faith
6. universalizing faith |
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Term
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Definition
| projective faith (early childhood) images |
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| literal faith (middle and late childhood) |
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| synthetic conventional faith |
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| fake, man made. ID foreclosure. practice same as parents |
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| reflective faith explore look at other ideals |
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| middle adult hood..know where you are, open to others |
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| what you see is transcending it all universal |
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