Term
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Definition
| the various identities an adolescent might imagine for him/herself |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which an individual is able and inclined to think about the potential consequences of decisions and choices |
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Term
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Definition
| a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and, therefore, can experiment with different roles and personalities |
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Term
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Definition
| the incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self-characteristics of not having resolved the crisis of identity |
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Term
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Definition
| the premature establishment of a sense of identity before sufficient role experiementation has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense that one has an effect on one's own world |
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Term
| Gender Intensification Hypothesis |
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Definition
| the idea that the pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways intensifies during adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| the establishment of more adultlike and less childlish close relationships with family memebers and peers |
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Term
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Definition
| the establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| the capabilities to make independent decisions and follow through with them |
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Term
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Definition
| the progressive sharpening of an individual's sense of being an autonomous, indepedent person |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors intended to help others |
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Term
| Postconventional Moral Reasoning |
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Definition
| in Kohlberg's theory, the stage of moral development during which society's rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative; also called principled moral reasoning |
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Term
| Conventional Moral Reasoning |
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Definition
| according to Kohlberg, the second level of moral development, which occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning based on the rules and conventions of society |
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Term
| Preconventional Moral Reasoning |
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Definition
| according to Kohlberg, the first level of moral reasoning, which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning based on rewards and punishments associated with different courses of action |
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Term
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Definition
| rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one's own bad acts |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintanence, and termination of close relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality |
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Term
| Comprehensive Sex Education |
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Definition
| programs that not only provide information about contraception, STDs, and pregnancy but also teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex, increase motivation to engage in safe sex, and change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes |
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Term
| Abstinence-only Sex Education |
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Definition
| programs that encourage adolescents to avoid sexual activity but that do not provide information about safe sex |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychosocial domain concerning behaviors and feelings in evaluative situations |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing |
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Term
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Definition
| motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performances |
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Term
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Definition
| motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task |
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Term
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Definition
| the harmful effects that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic/sex differences in abilities has on student performance |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense that an individual has some control over his/her life |
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Term
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Definition
| the beliefs an individual holds about the cause of his/her successes and failures |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of promoting a student from one grade to the next automatically regardless of school performance |
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Term
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Definition
| the misuse of alcohol/other drugs to the degree that causes problems in the individual's life |
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Term
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Definition
| the misuse of alcohol/other drugs to the degree that causes physical addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression/delinquency |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression/anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| co-occurring, as when an individual has more than one problem at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society's main institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, charcterized by high levels of subjective distress |
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Term
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Definition
| an annual survey of a nationwide sample of American 8th-, 10th-, and 12th- graders, mainly known for its data on adolescence substance abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that, when used over time, lead to the use of other, more dangerous substances |
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Term
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Definition
| the repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school/work, or in relationships with others |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| a disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others |
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Term
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Definition
| juvenile offending that is processed within the juvenile justice system |
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Term
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Definition
| a violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between chronological age and offending, showing that the prevalance of offending peaks in late adolescence |
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Term
| Hostile Attributional Bias |
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Definition
| the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile |
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Term
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Definition
| programs and practices that have a proven scientific basis |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone known to influence emotional bonding to others |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an individual to continue to function competently in the face of adversity/stress |
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Term
| Primary Control Strategies |
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Definition
| coping strategies in which an individual attempts to change the stressors |
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Term
| Secondary Control Strategies |
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Definition
| coping strategies that involve attempts by the individual to adapt to the stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| the resources provided within the family through exposure of the adolesscent to art, music, literature, and other elements of "high culture" |
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Term
| Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI) |
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Definition
| seller's perspective on ethnic identity, which emphasizes three different phenomena: racial centrality (how important race is in defining individual's identity), private regard (how individuals feel about being a member of their race), public regard (how individuals think others feel about their race) |
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