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Adolescent Development
Keyterms
51
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
03/20/2012

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Term
Possible Selves
Definition
the various identities an adolescent might imagine for him/herself
Term
Future Orientation
Definition
the extent to which an individual is able and inclined to think about the potential consequences of decisions and choices
Term
Psychosocial Moratorium
Definition
a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and, therefore, can experiment with different roles and personalities
Term
Identity Diffusion
Definition
the incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self-characteristics of not having resolved the crisis of identity
Term
Identity Foreclosure
Definition
the premature establishment of a sense of identity before sufficient role experiementation has occurred
Term
Agency
Definition
the sense that one has an effect on one's own world
Term
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
Definition
the idea that the pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways intensifies during adolescence
Term
Emotional Autonomy
Definition
the establishment of more adultlike and less childlish close relationships with family memebers and peers
Term
Cognitive Autonomy
Definition
the establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs
Term
Behavioral Autonomy
Definition
the capabilities to make independent decisions and follow through with them
Term
Individuation
Definition
the progressive sharpening of an individual's sense of being an autonomous, indepedent person
Term
Prosocial Behavior
Definition
behaviors intended to help others
Term
Postconventional Moral Reasoning
Definition
in Kohlberg's theory, the stage of moral development during which society's rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative; also called principled moral reasoning
Term
Conventional Moral Reasoning
Definition
according to Kohlberg, the second level of moral development, which occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning based on the rules and conventions of society
Term
Preconventional Moral Reasoning
Definition
according to Kohlberg, the first level of moral reasoning, which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning based on rewards and punishments associated with different courses of action
Term
Moral Disengagement
Definition
rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one's own bad acts
Term
Intimacy
Definition
the psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintanence, and termination of close relationships
Term
Rejection Sensitivity
Definition
heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others
Term
Sexual Socialization
Definition
the process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality
Term
Comprehensive Sex Education
Definition
programs that not only provide information about contraception, STDs, and pregnancy but also teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex, increase motivation to engage in safe sex, and change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes
Term
Abstinence-only Sex Education
Definition
programs that encourage adolescents to avoid sexual activity but that do not provide information about safe sex
Term
Achievement
Definition
the psychosocial domain concerning behaviors and feelings in evaluative situations
Term
Self-handicapping
Definition
deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performances
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task
Term
Stereotype Threat
Definition
the harmful effects that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic/sex differences in abilities has on student performance
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
the sense that an individual has some control over his/her life
Term
Achievement Attributions
Definition
the beliefs an individual holds about the cause of his/her successes and failures
Term
Social Promotion
Definition
the practice of promoting a student from one grade to the next automatically regardless of school performance
Term
Substance Abuse
Definition
the misuse of alcohol/other drugs to the degree that causes problems in the individual's life
Term
Substance Dependence
Definition
the misuse of alcohol/other drugs to the degree that causes physical addiction
Term
Externalizing Disorders
Definition
psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression/delinquency
Term
Internalizing Disorders
Definition
psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression/anxiety
Term
Comorbid
Definition
co-occurring, as when an individual has more than one problem at the same time
Term
Social Control Theory
Definition
a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society's main institutions
Term
Negative Affectivity
Definition
the presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, charcterized by high levels of subjective distress
Term
Monitoring the Future
Definition
an annual survey of a nationwide sample of American 8th-, 10th-, and 12th- graders, mainly known for its data on adolescence substance abuse
Term
Gateway Drugs
Definition
drugs that, when used over time, lead to the use of other, more dangerous substances
Term
Conduct Disorder
Definition
the repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school/work, or in relationships with others
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
a disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others
Term
Delinquency
Definition
juvenile offending that is processed within the juvenile justice system
Term
Status Offense
Definition
a violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults
Term
Age-crime Curve
Definition
the relationship between chronological age and offending, showing that the prevalance of offending peaks in late adolescence
Term
Hostile Attributional Bias
Definition
the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile
Term
Evidence-based Practices
Definition
programs and practices that have a proven scientific basis
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
a hormone known to influence emotional bonding to others
Term
Resilience
Definition
the ability of an individual to continue to function competently in the face of adversity/stress
Term
Primary Control Strategies
Definition
coping strategies in which an individual attempts to change the stressors
Term
Secondary Control Strategies
Definition
coping strategies that involve attempts by the individual to adapt to the stressor
Term
Cultural Capital
Definition
the resources provided within the family through exposure of the adolesscent to art, music, literature, and other elements of "high culture"
Term
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI)
Definition
seller's perspective on ethnic identity, which emphasizes three different phenomena: racial centrality (how important race is in defining individual's identity), private regard (how individuals feel about being a member of their race), public regard (how individuals think others feel about their race)
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