Term
| Understand the difference between abstract thinking, hypothetical thinking, and logical thinking. |
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Definition
abstract-How is a horse like a goldfish?
hypothetical-being able to imagine what is possible, instead of thinking only of what is real
logical-poker chip experiment |
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Term
| What biological changes during adolescence are related to intellectual development? |
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Definition
| Myelination occurs and formation of the prefrontal cortex. |
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Term
| Piaget's 1st of 4 stages of Cognitive Development. |
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Definition
| Sensorimotor Thought (Birth to 2 years) Thought is limited to what the infant experiences. Through its senses and motor skills. Schemes - presucors of concepts; ways of representing experience through one's actions. Mental representation - not present until the end of this stage. Being able to have a picture of something in your mind. Onject permanence - not present until the end of this stage. Knowing that something exist even when it cannot be seen. |
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Term
| Piaget's 2nd of 4 stages of Cognitive Development. |
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Definition
Preoperational thought (2 to 7 years) Advancement: Symbolic thinking, examples: language, representational drawing, pretend play. Limitation: thinking is not logical.
-Transductive reasoning (Magical Thinking: If they get mad at someone and that person gets sick they think they made them get sick.)
-Animisn: Attributing life like qualities to inanimate objects.
-Egocentrism: Children can't understand things outside of their own perspective
-Fail at conservation tasks (understanding that changes the appearance of something doesn't change its physical properties) Centration - focusing on one part of the problem and not other details. Irreversability - you can't reverse the actions of the problem. |
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Term
| Piaget's 3rd of 4 stages of Cognitive Development. |
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Definition
| Concrete operational thought (7 years to 11 years) Advancement: Logical thinking (in concrete situations) Successful at conservation tasks. Can reverse, can decenter, Seriation-anytime you can put something in order. Transitive inference-"Bill is taller than John, John is taller that Mike. Is Mike taller than Bill?" |
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Term
| Piaget's 4th of 4 stages of Cognitive Development. |
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Definition
Formal Operational Thought (11 years and older) Capable of abstract thought. -Hypothetical deductive reasoning
-Pendulum problem. "How can you change the swing of the Pendulum?" |
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Term
| What are the criticisms of Piaget's theory? |
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Definition
| If you rephrase the questions asked, conservationism starts earlier. His measure on abstract thinking focuses exclusively on scientific thought. Many adults can look like they are not in the formal operational stage. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of postformal thought? |
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Definition
A possible 5th stage that develops in young adulthood. Reflective, relativistic, contextual, Provisional - The idea that the search for truth is on going.
Realistic |
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Term
| What characterizes a psychometric approach to intelligence? |
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Definition
| Intelligence allows us to profit from our experiences and adapt to our surroundings, through the process of abstract thinking. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of IQ tests and their limitation? |
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Definition
Measuring of quantitative changes in intelligence.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-3rd edition (WAIS-III) ia commonly used. Provides information about full scale IQ, verbal IQ, and performance IQ (average score is 100) and other aspects of intelligence. Correlates with academic achievement. IQ is relatively stable by about age 5 or 6.
Limitations- Influenced by non-intellective factors, influenced by culture |
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Term
| Understand the information processing approach to intelligence |
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Definition
| Focuses on the process involved in developmental changes rather than on the characteristics of any stage or intelligence scores. Processes that increase with age; automaticity, speed of processing, working memory brief memory that holds info for less that a min, Encoding (process by which info is transferred from one form to another) Strategies. |
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Term
| From an information processing perspective, what processes increase with age? |
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Definition
| Automaticty, speed of processing, working memory (brief memory that holds info for less than a min.), encoding (process by which info. is transferred from one form to another), strategies |
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Term
| Understand Sternberg's and Gardner's approaches to intelligence. |
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Definition
Sternberg's Componential Intelligence: Metacomponenets - decide when more info. is needed and what strategy to use or construct, monitor and keep track of progress. Performance components: carry out procedure selected by metacomponents. Knowledge-acquisition components - acquire new information by sifting through detail, selecting what is relevant and integrate into new meaning.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligence: Gardner defines intelligence as one's ability to solve problems as they arise. 7 domains of intelligence: musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal |
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Term
| As the cognitive abilities of adolescents change, what are the implications for everyday life (pseudostupidity, imaginary audience, etc.)? |
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Definition
(Daniel Elkind) Pseudostupidity: adolescents fail to ese the obvious, not because it is too hard, but because they make a simple tack more complicated than it is.
Indecisiveness: Over analyzing the pros and cons of everyday decisions.
Argumentativeness: Can see all the possiblities and feels a need to express them.
Idealism: Can compare what is, to the way it could be.
Imaginary Audience: Adolescent's exaggerated feelings of self-consciousness and intense need for privacy.
Personal Fable: see themselves as unique, invulnerable, and omnipotent. |
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Term
| As The cognitive abilities change, what are the implications for the classroom? |
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Definition
Inductive reasoning: from the particular to the general
Deductive reasoning: from the general to the particular
Adolescents think like a scientist - have the ability to approach problems systematically
Study skills: adolescents are aware of what they don't know and adjust their study habits to accommodate for knowledge gap
Metaphors and meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of a fatty sheath surrounding a nerve fiber (axon), which increases speed of neural conduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of the cortex located behind the forehead involved in abstract thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the infant's recognition that objects exist even when they cannot be seen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the precursors of concepts, ways of representing experience through one's actions |
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Term
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Definition
| The realization that something remains the same despite changes in its appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which one distinguishes or perceives differences not previously recognized. |
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Term
| Define psychometric approach |
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Definition
| An approach that focuses on the measurement of individual differences in abilities contributing to intelligence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to profit from experience and adapt to one's surroundings; measured by intelligence tests |
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Term
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Definition
| An intelligence scale for adults that is individually administered |
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Term
| Define cohort differences |
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Definition
| Experimental differences between groups of people born at different periods in time, these differences can be confounded with age changes. |
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Term
| Define cross-sectional research |
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Definition
| A research design in which several age cohort are compared at a single time of measurement; |
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Term
| Define sequential designs |
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Definition
| A research design in which several age cohort groups are compared at several times of measurement; essentially a number of longitudinal studies, each starting with a different age group |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of intelligence that minimizes cultural bias by using materials or requiring skills not likely to be more familiar to one segment of the population than to another |
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Term
| Define information processing |
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Definition
| An approach to cognition that focuses on the processes by which information is encoded, retrieved, and utilized. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to perform highly practiced cognitive operations without conscious attention |
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Term
| Define speed of processing |
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Definition
| The rate at which a cognitive operation (e.g., encoding, decoding, retrieval) or a combination of these can be performed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief memory that holds information for less than a minute while further processing occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which information is transferred from one form to another in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Activities that organize cognition so as to improve performance, such as repeating a phone number or categorizing a list of things to be remembered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of one's thinking, cognitive abilities, and style |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher-order cognitive functions that select and monitor lower-order cognitive functions, for example, metacomponents are employed to determine which performance components are required to perform a task. |
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Term
| Define performance components |
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Definition
| Cognitive mechanisms, selected by metacomponents, that operate directly on the information to be processed. |
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Term
| Define knowledge-acquisition components |
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Definition
| Cognitive mechanisms - e.g., perception, memory retrieval - that, under the direction of metacomponents, acquire new information as needed. |
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Term
| Define multiple intelligence |
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Definition
| The view that intelligence is comprised of a number of different capacities each relevant to a different domain - e.g., music, linguistics, mathematics, interpersonal relations. One's ability in each domain is not necessarily highly correlated with ability in others. |
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Term
| Define practical intelligence |
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Definition
| To be distinguished from "academic intelligence" or intelligence measured by IQ tests, practical intelligence requires the individual, rather than a teacher or an examiner, to define the problem to be solved and decide what constitutes a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to see the obvious by making a simple task more complicated than it is. |
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Term
| Define imaginary audience |
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Definition
| The experience of being the focus of attention that emerges with adolescents' ability to think about thinking in others and their confusion of the concerns of others with their own preoccupation with themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The feeling of being special; thought to derive from the imaginary audience. |
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Term
| Define Social understanding |
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Definition
| The ability to assume another's perspective and coordinate this with one's own |
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Term
| Define inductive reasoning |
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Definition
| Reasoning from the particular to the general |
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Term
| Define deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| Reasoning from the general to the particular |
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