Term
| Specialized Movement Stage |
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Definition
| Refining and combination of skills for use in more demanding situations |
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Definition
| The ability to focus on a moving object long enough to interpret details (improvement from ages 6 to 15) |
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| irregular eye surface - problems focusing at a variety of distances |
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| Eye coordination problems |
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Definition
| problems moving eyes together - difficulty for brain fusing images with both eyes |
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Term
| Percentage increase of overweight children over last 40 years |
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| the ability to inhibit a dominant response in order to perform another response, develops gradually during middle childhood as distant brain regions become integrated into functional circuits |
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Term
| Concrete operational thought |
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Definition
| A mode of thinking from ages 7 to 12 - children begin to think more logically and flexibly about concrete materials (can see and touch) - difficulty handling abstract concepts (reasoning about possibilities that do not physically exist) |
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Definition
| realizing that some physical quantities remain the same even after people make objects look a bit different |
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| Information processing approach |
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Definition
| assumes that children reason illogically when the demands of a problem outstrip their ability to pay attention to relevant information, remember it, and ignore distractions |
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Term
| Reasons why memory improves during school year |
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Definition
1. make better use of memory strategies
2. have more knowledge that helps them remember
3. process information faster |
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Term
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Definition
| children and adults typically use a variety of strategies to solve problems, they retain these strategies but the probability they will use them changes as they gain knowledge and experiences |
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Definition
| instructional conditions that make initial learning more difficult but improve long-term memory and transfer of learning to new situations |
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Term
| Industry versus inferiority |
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Definition
| 4th stage of Erikson's psychological development: 6 years to puberty - children are intrigued with the world of knowledge and work, try to master the technologies of their culture, and monitor the success of their efforts |
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Term
| 3 ways children's emotional lives change as they mature |
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Definition
1. recognize simultaneous emotions
2. develop self-conscious emotions
3. understanding that people may not show their true feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| social conventions for expressing feelings, such as the rule we should act happy about receiving a gift we do not want |
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Term
| Emotional intelligence (the ability to...) |
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Definition
1. accurately perceive and express feelings
2. use emotional information to inform thoughts and opinions
3. understand the causes and consequences of emotions
4. manage emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| an individuals' overall evaluation of their self-worth |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals' evaluation of their worth in specific domains, such as physical appearance, academic ability, and social skill |
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Definition
| the belief that one has the skill to achieve specific goals |
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Term
| Four factors associated with academic excellence |
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Definition
1. valuing effort
2. setting high standards
3. more instructional time
4. teaching for understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| a control system of the glands that produce, store, and secrete hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that can travel through the bloodstream and affect distant cells |
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Definition
| a feedback system between the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the adrenal glands begins to reset around 6 to 8 years |
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Definition
| a group of hormones that is more abundant in males than females - regulated by andrenarche |
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Term
| Primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| structures that are directly involved in reproduction, including the uterus, ovaries, and vagina in girls and the penis and testes in boys |
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Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| characteristics that help distinguish between male and females but are not necessary for reproduction, including breasts in girls and facial hair and a deeper voice in boys |
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Term
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Definition
| prompted by instruction from the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases two hormones that stimulate the gonads (ovaries/testes) |
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Definition
| pubertal onset at an age that is more than two standard deviations below the mean - 8 in girls, 10 in boys |
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Definition
| pubertal onset that is more than two standard deviations above the mean - 14 years for boys and girls |
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Term
| Reasons for precocious puberty |
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Definition
1. weight and obesity
2. environmental chemicals
3. hormones in animal products
4. stress |
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Term
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Definition
Popular: many +, few -
Rejected: few +, may -
Neglected: few +, few -
Controversial: many +, many - |
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Term
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Definition
| disliking someone who dislikes you |
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Term
| Formal operational thought |
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, the capacity for increasingly abstract thought that emerges around 11 or 12, can engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning and formal propositional logic |
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Term
| Formal propositional logic |
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Definition
| the ability to understand possible combinations and relations among variables |
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Term
| Hypothetico-deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| the ability to think like a scientist by mentally generating hypotheses, deducing how an experiment should come out if a hypothesis is true, and coordinating conclusions with evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| the knowledge and awareness of one's own cognitive processes |
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Term
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Definition
1. a slow, conscious system that deliberately applies rules to solve problems
2. a quick, largely unconscious system that rapidly interprets information in light of prior experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of decision making that includes two systems, analytical (formal, logical) and experiential (mental shortcuts) |
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Definition
| the mental processes that occur when personal goals, moods, and prior stereotypes influence judgements |
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| a mistaken belief that other people are looking at them and are as preoccupied with their appearance and behavior as they are |
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Definition
| adolescent's sense of being unique and invulnerable, involves the belief that one's emotions and insights are special and that no one is likely to understand them |
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Term
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Definition
| egocentrism that involves that creation of the imaginary audience and the personal fable |
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Term
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Definition
| Elkind's - the major task of the adolescent period - personal fable, imaginary audience |
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Term
| Identity versus role confusion |
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Definition
| Erikson's 5th stage - adolescents explore who they are and how they fit into society |
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Term
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Definition
| period of crisis or exploration and have not made a commitment |
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