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Definition
| The biological status of being male or female. |
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Definition
| The social categories of male and female, established according to cultural beliefs and practices rather than being due to biology. |
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Definition
| In the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to assist in protecting one's family and community from human and animal attackers. |
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Definition
| In the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to function sexually well enough to produce children. |
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Definition
| The thin membrane inside a girl's vagina that is usually broken during her first experience of sexual intercourse. Tested in some cultures before marriage to verify the girl's virginity. |
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Definition
| Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in 17th- and 18th-century colonial America, in which the focus of gender expectations for adolescent boys was on preparing to assume adult male role responsibilities in work and marriage. |
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Definition
| Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in 19th-century America, in which males were increasingly expected to become independent from their families in adolescence and emerging adulthood as part of becoming a man. |
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Definition
| Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in the 20th-century United States, in which self-expression and self-enjoyment replaced self-control and self-denial as the paramount virtues young males should learn in the course of becoming a man. |
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Term
| gender intensification hypothesis |
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Definition
| Hypothesis that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles. |
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Term
| differential gender socialization |
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Definition
| The term for socializing males and females according to different expectations about what attitudes and behavior are appropriate to each gender. |
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Term
| cognitive-developmental theory of gender |
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Definition
| Kohlberg's theory, based on Piaget's ideas about cognitive development, asserting that gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world and that children develop through a predictable series of stages in their understanding of gender. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children's understanding of themselves as being either male or female, reached at about age 3. |
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Definition
| In gender socialization, refers to the way that children seek to maintain consistency between the norms they have learned about gender and their behavior. |
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Definition
| Theory in which gender is viewed as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world. |
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Definition
| A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information. |
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Definition
| Personality characteristics such as gentle and yielding, more often ascribed to females, emphasizing emotions and relationships. |
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Definition
| Personality characteristics such as self-reliant and forceful, more often ascribed to males, emphasizing action and accomplishment. |
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Definition
| A combination of "masculine" and "feminine" personality traits. |
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Definition
| Organized effort in the 20th century to obtain greater rights and opportunities for women. |
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Definition
| Ideology of manhood, common in Latino cultures, which emphasizes males' dominance over females. |
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Definition
| A belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group. |
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Term
| normal distribution or bell curve |
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Definition
| The bell-shaped curve that represents many human characteristics, with most people around the average and a gradually decreasing proportion toward the extremes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that social roles for males and females enhance or suppress different capabilities, so that males and females tend to develop different skills and attitudes, which leads to gender-specific behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical technique that integrates the data from many studies into one comprehensive statistical analysis. |
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Definition
| The difference between two groups in a meta-analysis, represented by the letter d. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's conception of the self as it potentially may be. May include both an ideal self and a feared self. |
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Definition
| The person an adolescent would like to be. |
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Definition
| The self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming. |
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Definition
| The self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she is actually thinking and feeling. |
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Definition
| A person's overall sense of worth and well-being |
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Definition
| A person's evaluation of his or her qualities and relations with others. Closely related to self-esteem. |
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Definition
| Persons' views of themselves, usually including concrete characteristics (such as height and age) as well as roles, relationships, and personality characteristics. |
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Definition
| A person's view of his or her characteristics and abilities. Closely related to self-esteem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being. |
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Definition
| The fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of a day. |
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Term
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Definition
| On a questionnaire, the tendency to choose the same response for all items. |
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Definition
| A statistical calculation that indicates the extent to which the different items in a scale or subscale are answered in a similar way. |
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Definition
| The psychoanalysis of important historical figures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals' perceptions of their characteristics and abilities, their beliefs and values, their relations with others, and how their lives fit into the world around them. |
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Term
| identity versus identity confusion |
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Definition
| Erikson's term for the crisis typical of the adolescent stage of life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, or follow the unhealthy alternative of failing to form a stable and secure identity. |
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Definition
| Relationships formed with others, especially in childhood, in which love for another person leads one to want to be like that person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Erikson's term for a period during adolescence when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves. |
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Definition
| Erikson's term for an identity based on what a person has seen portrayed as most undesirable or dangerous. |
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Definition
| An approach to conceptualizing and researching identity development that classifies people into one of four identity categories: foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, or achievement. |
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Definition
| Erikson's term for the intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity. |
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Definition
| An identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment. No commitments have been made among the available paths of identity formation, and the person is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments. |
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Term
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Definition
| An identity status that involves exploration but no commitment, in which young people are trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological possibilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| An identity status in which young people have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices--commitment, but no exploration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The identity status of young people who have made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices following a period of exploring possible alternatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A conception of identity as complex and as highly variable across contexts and across time. |
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Term
| intimacy versus isolation |
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Definition
| Erikson's term for the central issue of young adulthood, in which persons face alternatives between committing themselves to another person in an intimate relationship or becoming isolated as a consequence of an inability to form an enduring intimate relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the formation of an ethnic identity, the approach that involves leaving the ethnic culture behind and adopting the ways of the majority culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the formation of ethnic identity, the option that involves rejecting one's culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves associating only with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| An identity that integrates elements of various cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition that occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition that occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to understanding family functioning that emphasizes how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole. |
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Definition
| A relationship between two persons. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the family systems approach, this term is used in reference to a change that requires adjustments from family members. |
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Term
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Definition
| The popular belief, largely unfounded according to research, that most people experience a crisis when they reach about age 40, involving intensive reexamination of their lives and perhaps sudden and dramatic changes if they are dissatisfied. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between siblings, a relationship in which one sibling serves parental functions for the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between siblings, a relationship in which they treat each other as friends. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between siblings, a relationship in which they compete against each other and measure their success against one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between siblings, a relationship that is not emotionally intense, in which they have little to do with one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The patterns of practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A parenting style in which parents are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness, i.e., they love their children but also set clear standards for behavior and explain to their children the reasons for those standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parenting style in which parents are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness, i.e. they require obedience from their children and punish disobedience without compromise, but show little warmth or affection toward them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parenting style in which parens are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. They show love and affection toward their children but are permissive with regard to standards for behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parenting style in which parents are low in both demandingness and responsiveness and relatively uninvolved in their children's development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quality of being independent and self-sufficient, capable of thinking for one's self. |
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Term
| reciprocal effects/bidirectional effects |
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Definition
| In relations between parents and children, the concept that children not only are affected by their partens by affect their parents in return. |
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Term
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Definition
| When parents' behavior differs toward siblings within the same family. |
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Term
| nonshared environmental influences |
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Definition
| Influences experienced differently among siblings within the same family, e.g., when parents behave differently with their different children. |
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Term
| traditional parenting style |
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Definition
| The kind of parenting typical in traditional cultures, high in responsiveness and high in a kind of demandingness that does not encourage discussion and debate but rather expects compliance by virtue of cultural beliefs supporting the inherent authority of the parental role. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept of family life characteristic of Latino cultures that emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations of family life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory originally developed by British psychiatrist John Bowlby, asserting that among humans as among other primates, attachments between parents and children have an evolutionary basis in the need for vulnerable young members of the species to stay in close proximity to adults who will care for and protect them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of attachment to caregiver in which infants use the caregiver as a "secure base from which to explore" when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of attachment to caregiver in which infants are timid about exploring the environment and resist or avoid the caregiver when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The person mainly responsible for caring for an infant or young child. |
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Term
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Definition
| In attachment theory, the term for the cognitive framework, based on interactions in infancy with the primary caregiver, that shapes expectations and interactions in relationships to others throughout life. |
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Definition
| The quality of being emotionally close to another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional functions of the family, pertaining to love, nurturance, and attachment. |
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Definition
| The parent who lives in the same household as the children following a divorce. |
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Definition
| A family in which both parents are employed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outward characteristics of a family, such as whether or not the parents are married. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quality of relationships among family members. |
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Term
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Definition
| An arrangement in which a professional mediator helps divorcing parents negotiate an agreement that both will find acceptable. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who share some aspect of their status, such as being the same age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persons with whom an individual has a valued, mutual relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that most people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between friends, advice and guidance in solving personal problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between friends, help with tasks of various kinds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between friends, reliance on each other as companions in social activities. |
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Definition
| The support friends provide each other by providing congratulations for success and encouragement or consolation for failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, reputation-based groups of adolescents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of nonphysical aggression that harms others by damaging their relationships, for example by excluding them socially or spreading rumors about them. |
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Term
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Definition
| In some traditional cultures, a dwelling in which the community's adolescents sleep and spend their leisure time. |
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Term
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Definition
| In some traditional cultures, a dormitory where adolescent boys sleep and hang out along with adult men who are widowed or divorced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research method that involves taking part in various activities with the people being studied, and learning about them through participating in the activities with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method for assessing popularity and unpopularity that involves having students rate the social status of other students. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skills for successfully handling social relations and getting along well with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adolescents who are actively disliked by their peers. |
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Term
| social information processing |
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Definition
| The interpretation of others' behavior and intentions in a social interaction. |
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Term
| controversial adolescents |
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Definition
| Adolescents who are aggressive but who also possess social skills, so that they evoke strong emotions both positive and negative from their peers. |
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Term
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Definition
| In peer relations, the aggressive assertion of power by one person over another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bullying via electronic means, mainly through the internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| The culture of young people as a whole, separate from children and separate from adult society, characterized by values of hedonism and irresponsibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Values such as hedonism, excitement, and adventure, asserted by sociologists to be the basis of youth culture. |
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Definition
| The distinguishing features of youth culture, including image, demeanor, and argot. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Brakes's description of characteristics of youth culture, refers to dress, hair style, jewelry, and other aspects of appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Brake's description of youth cultures, refers to distinctive forms of gesture, gait, and posture. |
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Term
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Definition
| In youth culture, a certain vocabulary and a certain way of speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultures in which what children and adolescents need to learn to function as adults changes little from one generation to the next, and therefore children and adolescents can learn all they need to know from their elders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultures in which young people learn what they need to know not only from adults but also from other young people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultures in which young people teach knowledge to adults. |
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