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Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary
vocabulary from Jeffrey Arnett's textbook, 5th edition
230
Education
Graduate
02/13/2013

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Term
adolescence
Definition
A period of the life course between the time
puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture.
Term
life-cycle service
Definition
A period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to the 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts.
Term
child study movement
Definition
Late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace.
Term
recapitulation
Definition
Now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole.
Term
storm and stress
Definition
Theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior.
Term
survey
Definition
A questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior.
Term
stratified sampling
Definition
Sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population.
Term
random sample
Definition
Sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else.
Term
menarche
Definition
A girl's first menstrual period.
Term
emerging adulthood
Definition
Period from roughly ages 18 to 25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments.
Term
Lamarckian
Definition
Reference to Lamarck's ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics.
Term
early adolescence
Definition
Period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14.
Term
late adolescence
Definition
Period of human development lasting from about age 15 to about age 18.
Term
individualism
Definition
Cultural belief system that emphasized the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression.
Term
collectivism
Definition
A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group.
Term
interdependence
Definition
The web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups.
Term
scientific method
Definition
A systematic way of finding the answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure, and measures.
Term
hypotheses
Definition
Ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study.
Term
sample
Definition
The people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest.
Term
population
Definition
The entire group of people of interest in a study.
Term
representative
Definition
Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest.
Term
generalizable
Definition
Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest.
Term
procedure
Definition
Standards for the way a study is conducted. Includes informed consent and certain rules for avoiding biases in the data collection.
Term
method
Definition
A scientific strategy for collecting data.
Term
peer reviewed
Definition
When a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholar's peers (i.e., other scholars) for scientific credibility and importance.
Term
informed consent
Definition
Standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks.
Term
consent form
Definition
Written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks.
Term
closed question
Definition
Questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question.
Term
open-ended question
Definition
Questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question.
Term
interview
Definition
Research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format, such that people's answers are in their own words.
Term
qualitative
Definition
Data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interviews or observations.
Term
quantitative
Definition
Data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires.
Term
ethnographic research
Definition
Research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them.
Term
ethnography
Definition
A book that presents an anthropologist's observations of what life is like in a particular culture.
Term
reliability
Definition
Characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion.
Term
validity
Definition
The truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure.
Term
experimental research method
Definition
A research method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment, then comparing the two groups in a posttest.
Term
experimental group
Definition
In experimental research, the group that receives the treatment.
Term
control group
Definition
In experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment.
Term
interventions
Definition
Programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participants.
Term
natural experiment
Definition
A situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer.
Term
monozygotic (MZ) twins
Definition
Twins with exactly the same genotype. Also known as identical twins.
Term
dizygotic (DZ) twins
Definition
Twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. Also known as fraternal twins.
Term
correlation versus causation
Definition
A correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other. However, just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other,
Term
longitudinal study
Definition
A study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion.
Term
patriarchal authority
Definition
Cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children.
Term
filial piety
Definition
Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father.
Term
caste system
Definition
Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A person's caste then determines their status in Indian society.
Term
globalization
Definition
Increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different pars of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally.
Term
bicultural
Definition
Having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures.
Term
resilience
Definition
Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development.
Term
culture
Definition
The total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, and technology; a group's common way of life, passed on from one generation to the next.
Term
the West
Definition
The United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand; they are all developed countries, they are all representative democracies with similar kinds of governments, and they share to some extent a common cultural history; today, they are characterized by secularism, consumerism, and capitalism, to one degree or another; usually refers to the majority culture in each of the countries, but each country also has cultural groups that do not share the characteristics of the majority culture and may even be in opposition to it.
Term
developed countries
Definition
Includes the countries of the West along with Eastern countries such as Japan and South Korea; all of them have highly developed economies that have passed through a period of industrialization and are now based mainly on services (such as law, banking, sales, and accounting) and information (such as computer-related companies).
Term
majority culture
Definition
The culture that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power; in America, the mostly White, middle-class majority in American society.
Term
society
Definition
A group of people who interact in the course of sharing a common geographical area; may include a variety of cultures with different customs, religions, family traditions, and economic practices; different from a culture: members of a culture share a common way of life, whereas members of this may not.
Term
traditional cultures
Definition
Refers to a culture that has maintained a way of life based on stable traditions passed from one generation to the next. These cultures do not generally value change but rather place a higher value on remaining true to cultural traditions; often, they are called "preindustrial," which means that they technology and economic practices typical in developed countries are not widely used.
Term
developing countries
Definition
Previously traditional, preindustrial cultures that become industrialized as a consequence of globalization.
Term
socioeconomic status
Definition
Often used to refer to social class, which includes educational level, income level, and occupational status. For adolescents and emerging adults, because they have not yet reached the social class they will have as adults, this is usually used in reference to their parents' levels of education, income, and occupation.
Term
young people
Definition
Adolescents and emerging adults together.
Term
research design
Definition
The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study.
Term
cross-sectional research
Definition
Research in which data are collected on a sample of people at a single point in time.
Term
national survey
Definition
Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale.
Term
national survey
Definition
Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale.
Term
puberty
Definition
The changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction.
Term
endocrine system
Definition
A network of glands in the body. Through hormones, the glands coordinate their functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body.
Term
hormones
Definition
Chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
The "master gland," located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning and stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty.
Term
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Definition
Hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary.
Term
leptin
Definition
A protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty.
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
A gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that released gonadotropins as part of the body's preparation for reproduction.
Term
gonadotropins
Definition
hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the development of gametes.
Term
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
Along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles.
Term
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
Along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles.
Term
gametes
Definition
Cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male).
Term
gonads
Definition
The ovaries and testicles. Also known as the sex glands.
Term
sex hormones
Definition
Androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Term
estrogens
Definition
The sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Term
androgens
Definition
The sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Term
estradiol
Definition
The estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls.
Term
testosterone
Definition
The androgen most important in pubertal development among boys.
Term
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production
Term
feedback look
Definition
System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones.
Term
set point
Definition
Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced.
Term
adolescent growth spurt
Definition
The rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty.
Term
peak height velocity
Definition
The point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate.
Term
asynchronicity
Definition
Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty.
Term
extremities
Definition
The feet, hands, and head.
Term
vital capacity
Definition
The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys.
Term
maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)
Definition
A measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s.
Term
cardiac output
Definition
A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart.
Term
health promotion
Definition
Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk.
Term
primary sex characteristics
Definition
The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs.
Term
secondary sex characteristics
Definition
Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction.
Term
ovum
Definition
Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days.
Term
spermarche
Definition
Beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty.
Term
vulva
Definition
External female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris.
Term
labia majora
Definition
Part of vulva; Latin for "large lips."
Term
labia minora
Definition
Part of vulva; Latin for "small lips."
Term
clitoris
Definition
Part of vulva in which females' sexual sensations are concentrated.
Term
breast buds
Definition
The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty.
Term
areola
Definition
Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty.
Term
secular trend
Definition
A change in the characteristics of a population over time.
Term
reaction range
Definition
Term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range.
Term
incest taboo
Definition
The prohibition on sexual relations between family members. Believed to be biologically based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders.
Term
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Definition
The combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation.
Term
semenarche
Definition
A male's first ejaculation.
Term
age-graded
Definition
Organized by age, for example in schools.
Term
nature-nurture debate
Definition
Debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development.
Term
theory of genotype-->environment effects
Definition
Theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience.
Term
passive genotype-->environment effects
Definition
Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on children's development.
Term
evocative genotype-->environment effects
Definition
Occur when a person's inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment.
Term
active genotype-->environment effects
Definition
Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics.
Term
mikveh
Definition
Among Orthodox Jewish women, a ritual bath taken a week after the conclusion of the menstrual period, believed to cleanse the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation.
Term
cognitive development
Definition
Changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change.
Term
Jean Piaget
Definition
Influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for his theories of cognitive and moral development
Term
stage
Definition
A period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way.
Term
mental structure
Definition
The organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure.
Term
cognitive-developmental approach
Definition
Approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different ages.
Term
maturation
Definition
Process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment.
Term
schemes
Definition
A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information.
Term
assimilation
Definition
The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme.
Term
accommodation
Definition
The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information.
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
Cognitive stage in first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities.
Term
preoperational stage
Definition
Cognitive stage from ages 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically--for example, through the use of language--but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations.
Term
concrete operations
Definition
Cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 in which children learn to use mental operations but are limited to applying them to concrete, observable situations rather than hypothetical situations.
Term
mental operations
Definition
Cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects.
Term
formal operations
Definition
Cognitive stage from age 11 on up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses.
Term
pendulum problem
Definition
Piaget's classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side.
Term
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Definition
Piaget's term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained.
Term
abstract thinking
Definition
Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts.
Term
complex thinking
Definition
Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm.
Term
metacognition
Definition
The capacity for "thinking about thinking" that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them.
Term
individual differences
Definition
Approach to research that focuses on how individuals differ within a group, for example, in performance on IQ tests.
Term
postformal thinking
Definition
Type of thinking beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as the use of pragmatism and reflective judgment.
Term
pragmatism
Definition
Type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.
Term
dialectical thought
Definition
Type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing.
Term
reflective judgment
Definition
The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments.
Term
dualistic thinking
Definition
Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms.
Term
multiple thinking
Definition
Cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one.
Term
relativism
Definition
Cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views.
Term
commitment
Definition
Cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them.
Term
information-processing approach
Definition
An approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next.
Term
discontinuous
Definition
A view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct from one another rather than as one gradual, continuous process.
Term
continuous
Definition
A view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages.
Term
componential approach
Definition
Description of the information-processing approach to cognition, indicating that it involves breaking down the thinking process into its various components.
Term
selective attention
Definition
The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant.
Term
divided attention
Definition
The ability to focus on more than one task at a time.
Term
short-term memory
Definition
Memory for information that is the current focus of attention.
Term
long-term memory
Definition
Memory for information that is committed to long-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it.
Term
working memory
Definition
An aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed.
Term
mnemonic devices
Definition
Memory strategies.
Term
automaticity
Definition
Degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information.
Term
reductionism
Definition
Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost.
Term
critical thinking
Definition
Thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analyzing it, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid.
Term
behavioral decision theory
Definition
Theory of decision making that describes the decision-making process as including (1) identifying the range of possible choices; (2) identifying the consequences that would result from each choice; (3) evaluating the desirability of each consequence; (4) assessing the likelihood of each consequence; and (5) integrating this information.
Term
organizational core
Definition
Term applied especially to cognitive development, meaning that cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter what the topic.
Term
social cognition
Definition
How people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions
Term
perspective taking
Definition
The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others.
Term
mutual perspective taking
Definition
Stage of perspective taking, often found in early adolescence, in which persons understand that their perspective-taking interactions with others are mutual, in the sense that each side realizes that the other can take their perspective.
Term
social and conventional system perspective taking
Definition
Realizing that the social perspectives of self and others are influenced not just by their interaction with each other but by their roles in the larger society.
Term
prosocial
Definition
Promoting the well-being of others.
Term
theory of mind
Definition
The ability to attribute mental states to one's self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings.
Term
adolescent egocentrism
Definition
Type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others.
Term
imaginary audience
Definition
Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one's appearance and behavior.
Term
personal fable
Definition
A belief in one's personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks.
Term
optimistic bias
Definition
The tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people than to one's self.
Term
psychometric approach
Definition
Attempt to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities using intelligence tests
Term
Alfred Binet
Definition
French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test in the early 20th century, which later became known as the Stanford-Binet.
Term
Stanford-Binet
Definition
Widely used IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and revised by scholars at Stanford University
Term
intelligence quotient
Definition
A measure of a person's intellectual abilities based on a standardized test.
Term
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
Definition
Intelligence test for children ages 6 to 16, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests.
Term
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
Definition
Intelligence test for persons ages 16 and up, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests.
Term
Verbal subtests
Definition
In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine verbal abilities
Term
Performance subtests
Definition
In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine abilities for attention, spatial perception, and speed of processing.
Term
relative performance
Definition
In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons of the same age.
Term
absolute performance
Definition
In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons, regardless of age.
Term
age norms
Definition
Technique for developing a psychological test, in which a typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds.
Term
median
Definition
In a distribution of scores, the point at which half of the population scores above and half below.
Term
test-retest reliability
Definition
Type of reliability that examines whether or not persons' scores on one occasion are similar to their scores on another occasion.
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information.
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
Accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience.
Term
predictive validity
Definition
In longitudinal research, the ability of a variable at Time 1 to predict the outcome of a variable at Time 2.
Term
transracial adoption
Definition
The adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race.
Term
theory of multiple intelligences
Definition
Howard Gardner's theory that there are eight separate types of intelligence.
Term
fMRI
Definition
A technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity.
Term
PET scans
Definition
A technique for assessing ongoing brain functioning, in which a chemical that emits positrons is injected into the body, and detectors measure their activity levels in various parts of the brain.
Term
synapse
Definition
The point of transmission between two nerve cells.
Term
neurons
Definition
Cells of the nervous system, including the brain.
Term
overproduction or exuberance
Definition
A rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain.
Term
gray matter
Definition
The outer layer of the brain, where most of the growth in brain cells occurs during overproduction in adolescence.
Term
frontal lobes
Definition
The part of the brain immediately behind the forehead. Known to be involved in higher brain functions such as planning ahead and analyzing complex problems.
Term
synaptic pruning
Definition
Following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses in the brain are reduced, making brain functioning faster and more efficient but less flexible.
Term
myelination
Definition
Process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows. Myelin serves the function of keeping the brain's electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed.
Term
cerebellum
Definition
A structure in the lower brain, well beneath the cortex, long thought to be involved only in basic functions such as movement, now known to be important for many higher functions as well, such as mathematics, music, decision making, and social skills.
Term
Vygotsky
Definition
Russian psychologist who emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development.
Term
zone of proximal development
Definition
The gap between how competently a person performs a task alone and when guided by an adule or more competent peer.
Term
scaffolding
Definition
The degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner's skills develop.
Term
guided participation
Definition
The teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child or adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity.
Term
cultural psychology
Definition
Approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning cannot be separated from the culture in which it takes place.
Term
cultural beliefs
Definition
The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. May also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death.
Term
symbolic inheritance
Definition
The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. It is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places.
Term
roles
Definition
Defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status, and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class.
Term
gender roles
Definition
Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men.
Term
socialization
Definition
The process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live.
Term
self-regulation
Definition
The capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain one's impulses and comply with social norms.
Term
role preparation
Definition
An outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood.
Term
Bat Mitzvah
Definition
Jewish religious ritual for girls at age 13 that signifies the adolescents' new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs.
Term
Bar Mitzvah
Definition
Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents' new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs.
Term
sources of meaning
Definition
The ideas and beliefs that people learn as a part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be values, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individual's mortality.
Term
interdependent self
Definition
A conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group.
Term
independent self
Definition
A conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements.
Term
broad socialization
Definition
The process by which persons in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression.
Term
narrow socialization
Definition
The process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity.
Term
custom complex
Definition
A customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice.
Term
ontogenetic
Definition
Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice.
Term
first-generation families
Definition
The status of persons who were born in one country and then immigrated to another.
Term
second-generation families
Definition
The status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country.
Term
secular
Definition
Based on nonreligious beliefs and values.
Term
social desirability
Definition
The tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occurred.
Term
poetic-conventional faith
Definition
Fowler's term for the stage of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense hat early adolescents increasingly believe that there is more than one way of knowing the truth.
Term
individuating-reflective faith
Definition
Fowler's term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs.
Term
heteronomous morality
Definition
Piaget's term for the period of moral development from about ages 4 to about 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them.
Term
autonomous morality
Definition
Piaget's term for the period of moral development from about ages 10 to 12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed.
Term
preconventional reasoning
Definition
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.
Term
conventional reasoning
Definition
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level of moral reasoning in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.
Term
postconventional reasoning
Definition
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right.
Term
justice orientation
Definition
A type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness.
Term
care orientation
Definition
Gilligan's term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning.
Term
worldview
Definition
A set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed.
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