Term
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Definition
transitional stage between childhood and adulthood
* not seen in all cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| middle school, high school, and college students may be physiologically mature, but they are not emotionally or economically independant |
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Term
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Definition
sudden increase in body height and weight brought on by hormonal changes prior to puberty
- starts around age 11 in girls and 13 in boys |
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Term
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Definition
| the two-year span preceding puberty during which the changes leading to physical and sexual maturity take place |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
physical features that distinguish one gender from the other but are not essential for reproduction
- boobs and beards |
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Term
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Definition
| "master gland" of the endocrine system, signals adrenal glands (on top of the kidneys) and gonads (ovaries and testes) to secrete hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| marks the beginning of adolescence, during which sexual functions reach maturity |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
structures necessary for reproduction, develop fully during puberty
- testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, and other internal structures |
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Term
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Definition
the first occurence of menstruation
- 12/13 median age
- sexual maturation around 16
- growth stops around age 17
- typically sterile for 12 to 18 months post menarche |
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Term
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Definition
first ejaculation, usually occurs through masturbation
- usually around age 14
- sexual maturation at 18
- growth stops around age 20 |
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Term
| the main reason males are taller than females |
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Definition
| the onset of male puberty is two years later than females, on average, which allows them two grow for two additional years before the onset of the growth spurt |
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Term
| changes in other organs during puberty |
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Definition
- lungs and heart increase in size
- heart rate drops considerably |
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Term
| before puberty, males are (advantaged/disadvantaged/equal) to females in physical strength, speed, and endurance. after, they are (advantaged/disadvantaged/equal). |
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Definition
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Term
| problems among early maturing girls |
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Definition
- school performance suffers
- less popular
- lower self-confidence
- more unwanted pregnancies
- more likely to experiment w/ alcohol/drugs
- more likely to have negative body image
- more likely to be depressed
* long-lasting effects |
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Term
| problems among late-maturing boys |
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Definition
- more inadequate
- insecure
- think less of themselves
- emotional distress and hostility
- substance abuse |
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Term
| compared to those who are younger and think concretely, adolescents can think... |
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Definition
| abstractly, and more efficiently. they also become more self-aware and self-reflective and develop the ability to view problems from more than one perspective |
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Term
| age-related increases in skills have been found in... |
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Definition
- mathematical, spatial, and scientific reasoning ability
- some memory processes |
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Term
| older adolescents are (more/less) likely than younger adolescents and children to engage in risky behavior. |
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Definition
| more. behaviors include smoking, drinking, and unprotected sex |
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Term
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Definition
| used the term identity to express the important psychological connection between self and society |
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Term
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Definition
having a relatively clear and stable sense of who one is in the larger society
- achievement is the cornerstone of sound psychological health |
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Term
| Erikson's stage of adolescence |
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Definition
| challenge of this period is achieving identity through gradual identity crisis, favorable outcome is viewing oneself as a unique person |
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Term
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Definition
| crisis and commitment factors combine to form one of four possible identity statuses |
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Term
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Definition
premature commitment to visions, values, and roles prescribed by one's parents
- strongly connected to family, cognitively rigid, conventional, conservative |
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Term
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Definition
delaying commitment for a while to experiment with alternative ideologies
- conflicted between conforming and rebelling, have ambivalent feelings towards their parents, perceived by others to be intense |
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Term
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Definition
arriving at a sense of self and direction after some consideration of alternative possiblities
- more cognitively flexible, function at higher levels of moral reasoning, have more emotionally intimate relationships |
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Term
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Definition
inability to make identity commitments
- feel alienated from their parents, exhibit lower levels of moral reasoning, show less emotional intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| first to study adolescence, charcterized it as a "storm of stress" attributed to conflicts between the physical changes of puberty and society's demands for social and emotional maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| parent-adolescent conflicts increase during early adolescence. adolecents also experience more volatile emotions and mood extremes. they also engage in more risk behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
- suicide rates have risen in recent decades among 15- to 24-yeard-olds
- more attempted than completed suicide (8:1), but many less attempted per completed than other age groups (which tend to be 100s:1)
- 33 percent of homosexual youth have attempted suicide
- white kids have higher rates
- American Indians have 2x higher than avg rates |
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Term
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Definition
a person's notion of a developmental schedule that specifies what he or she should have accomplished by certain points in life
- a product of socialization, however show individual variations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Erikson's 6th stage. early adulthood.
favorable outcome: ability to form close and lasting relationships, to make career commitments
1. intimate
2. preintimate
3. stereotyped
4. pseudointimate
5. isolate |
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Term
| generativity vs. stagnation |
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Definition
Erikson's 7th stage. middle adulthood.
favorable outcome: concern for family, society, and future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with improved mood and well-being for most women, only 25 percent of mothers and fathers report being very sad or unhappy when the youngest child leaves. children returning home after they've left has a small negative impact on parent-child relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| a turbulent period of doubts and reappraisal of one's life, age 40-45, experienced by a small minority |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to look back on life with a sense of satisfaction and to find meaning and purpose there, vs. tendency to dwell on mistakes of the past and approach death with bitterness |
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Term
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Definition
avg age decreasing, now around 62, usually a gradual process, no adverse effect on overall health or life satisfaction
* best adjustment when they have adequate income, good health, and an extended social network of friends and family |
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Term
| support networks in old age |
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Definition
- interaction with children is not an indicator of happiness
- relationships with sisters are especially important
- fewer friends, satisfaction with friends higher |
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Term
| (husbands/wives) are at a greater risk than wices for health and adjustment problems when the other spouse dies. |
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Definition
| husbands. men rely heavily on their wives for emotiional support, women rely on a wider variety of people |
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Term
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Definition
| African American's acquired family |
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Term
| height and weight in adulthood |
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Definition
- height: stable until around age 55, when the spinal column settles
- weight: tends to increase through the mid-50's, then drop due to loss of muscle tone, gain of fat percentage |
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Term
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Definition
| much of a woman's worth is determined by her physical attractiveness, her social status declines with her attractiveness |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in majority of elderly population
- increasingly farsighted from 30s to 60s
- increasingly nearsighted post 60s
- affect driving ability |
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Term
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Definition
individual cells that recieve, integrate, and transmit information
- number declines steadily during adulthood, increasing brain weight and volume |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment
- Alzheimers, Parkinsons, AIDS...
- 15 percent of people over 65 |
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Term
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Definition
- 5-7 percent 65+
- 25 percent 85+
- changes in brain chemistry
- 8-10 years, ending in death
- engaging in cognitively stimulating activities decreases risk |
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Term
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Definition
| menstruation ceases, mid-50s |
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Term
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Definition
| most common strategy for dealing with death in Western society |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of rituals and procedures used by a culture to handle death |
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Term
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Definition
| fear and apprehension about one's own death |
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Term
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Definition
| studied the experience of dying |
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Term
| Kubler Ross's five stages of death |
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Definition
1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. bargaining
5. acceptance |
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Term
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Definition
| the painful loss of a loved one through death |
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Term
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Definition
| the formal practices of an individual and a community in response to death |
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Term
| Bowlby's four stages of grieving |
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Definition
1. numbness
2. yearning
3. disorganization and despair
4. reorganization |
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Term
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Definition
| resilient pattern. characterized by low levels of depression before and after the spouse's death |
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Term
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Definition
| depression before and after spouse's death |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in depression after the spouse's death |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in depression shortly after spouse's death and decrease over time |
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Term
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Definition
| several deaths at the same time or in close succession |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional bond between infant and mother, developed by 8 months |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| anxious-ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| desire contact with mother, yet resist when she comes near |
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Term
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Definition
| welcomes contact with mother, basic trust enables baby to trust the world |
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Term
| disorganized/disoriented attachment |
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Definition
| common among abused children, associated with dissociative disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| influences the degree to which children internalize the standards and expectations of their parents |
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Term
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Definition
| strictness of parental standards |
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Term
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Definition
| studies of parenting styles and intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| high acceptance, high control |
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Term
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Definition
low acceptance, high control
* think asian, think dictators |
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Term
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Definition
high acceptance, low control
- indulgent |
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Term
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Definition
| low acceptance, low control |
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Term
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Definition
good parenting
1. set high, but reasonable standards
2. stay alert for "good" behavior and reward it
3. explain your reasons when you ask your child to do something
4. encourage children to take the perspective of others
5. enforce roles consistently |
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