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| rude, disrespectful (offensive) |
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| preoccupied, deep in thought |
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| bond between monosaccharides in carbohydrates |
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| a highly organized compartment, bound by thin plasma membrane, contains concentrated chemicals in a water solution |
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-all cells come from other cells
-all organisms are made of cells |
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| bacteria/cells just appear |
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| a molecule's potential to form stronger bonds |
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy is not created not destroyed; just transferred |
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| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Entropy always increases naturally in nature
(PE decreases) |
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Central carbon bonded to
-NH2 (nitrogen group)
-H
-R group
-Carboxyl group (-COOH) |
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-The bonding together of monomers
-Requires energy and is NOT spontaneous |
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small building blocks
ex. amino acids, sugars, nucleotides |
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large molecules mad up of small repeating subunits (monomers) joined together
ex. proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) |
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| a carboxyl group of 1 amino acid bonded to the amino group of another (C-N) |
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-several amino acids linked together
-is flexible and has directionality (N-->C)
-Has more than 50 AA in chain |
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| Complete, functional form of molecule made of amino acids |
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| Protein Primary Structure |
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its unique sequence of amino acids
(20^n polypeptides of a length n) |
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| Protein secondary structure |
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Hydrogen bonds form between peptide chains in backbone
-Can form alpha helix or beta pleated sheets |
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| Protein Tertiary Structure |
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| Polypeptide 3D shape due to interactions between amino acid R groups |
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| Protein Quaternary Structure |
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Bonding of 2 or more protein subunits (polypeptides) together
-Dimer=consists of 2 subunits
-Tetramer=2 copies each of 2 diff polypeptides |
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| An unfolded protein; does not function properly |
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| Proteins that help other proteins fold correctly in cells |
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-Catalyze reactions
-Defend body as antibodies
-Movement using motor and contractile movement
-Signaling as hormones and receptors
-Transport molecules into and out of cell |
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| Protein catalysts--speed up and control biological reactions |
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a polymer of nucleotides
(RNA/DNA) |
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| Nucleotide (and composition of) |
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Basic component of nucleic acids
Composed of:
-a 5 carbon sugar (ribose/deoxyribose)
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base (ATCGU) |
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adenine and guanine
Have 2 ring structure |
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cytosine, thymine, and uracil
1 ring structure |
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| bond between -OH group on 3' carbon of one nucleotide and phosphate group on the 5' carbon of another |
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| Polymers of ribonucleotides |
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| Phosphorylated Nucleotides |
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| contain 3 phosphate groups (ex. ATP) and provide energy for polymerization reaction |
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| Primary structure of DNA/RNA |
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| sequence of bases/nucleotides |
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| Secondary Structure of DNA |
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| the 2 antiparallel strands forming a double helix |
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| Secondary structure of RNA |
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generalized chemical formula: (CH2O)n
Contain:
-A carbonyl group (-C=O)
-Several hydroxyl functional groups (-OH)
-Many C-H bonds
Include monosaccharides and polysaccharides |
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monosaccharides that vary in placement of carbonyl group
(Aldose=on end
Ketose=in middle) |
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2 monomesr
ex. glucose+glucose=maltose
glucose+galactose=lactose (milk sugar) |
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| bond between 2 hydroxyl groups of 2 polysaccharides |
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a storage protein in plants
-made of alpha glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages |
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| unbranched form of starch |
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| branched form of starch (branches every 30 monomers approx) |
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storage polysaccharide in animals
-made of many alpha glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages |
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structural polysaccharide in plants
-primary component of plant cell wall
-polymer of beta glucose linked by glycosidic linkages
-fibers link in a strong sheet |
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structural polysaccharide in animals
-composed of N-acetylglucosamine monomers
-found in cell walls of fungi and algae
-major component of insect and crustacean exoskeletons
-strong sheet form |
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structural polysaccharide in bacterial cell walls
-made of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine joined by glycosidic linkages
-strong linkages between long parallel strands |
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| What do carbohydrates do? |
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-store energy (starch and glycogen)
-provide structure (cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan)
-indicate cell identity
-building blocks of other molecules (like ribose and deoxyribose) |
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proteins with carbohydrates attached by covalent bonds (only on proteins on the outside)
**Useful in cell-cell recognition/signaling |
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| transforms the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of C-H bonds |
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| enzyme that releases glucose subunits from starch in plants |
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| enzyme that releases glucose subunits from glycogen in animals |
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a layer of molecules, mostly lipids, that surrounds a cell
-separates life inside cell from outside
-regulates passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell |
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| generic term for a carbon-containing compound that is mostly non polar and hydrophobic |
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| molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen (like isoprene) |
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a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl (-COOH) group
-most fatty acids have long hydrocarbon chains of 14-20 carbons |
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| all single bonds between carbons |
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contains at least one double bond between carbons
-forms a kink in bond |
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| 3 Types of Lipids Found in Cells: |
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| Steroids, Fats, Phospholipids |
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4 ring lipid with an -OH made from isoprene subunits
Ex. Cholesterol
-starting point for many hormones |
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a glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acids
-function in energy storage |
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contains 3-carbon glycerol linked to phosphate group and a polar or charged organic molecule, and 2 fatty acids/isoprene chains
Head is charged and tail is non polar (fatty acids) |
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having polar and non polar properties.
This allows phospholipids to spontaneously form membranes |
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| vesicles can form rom phospholipids in lab |
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-artificial membrane bound vesicles
-spontaneously formed spherical structure |
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highly selective in what can cross them; small or non polar molecules move across bilayers easily.
- Charged or large polar molecules cross slowly or not at all
-Are very selectively permeable! |
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