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Addictions
Midterm Exam
26
Social Work
Undergraduate 4
10/22/2012

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Cards

Term
Definition of Addiction (3)
Definition
A primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry
Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social, and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors
Compulsion, Control, Continued use despite Consequences
Term
Substance Use Disorder
Definition
General classification for maladaptive patterns of use of alcohol or other drugs that result in significant distress or functional impairment (DSM IV-TR, APA, 2000)
Term
Substance Abuse (1.4)
Definition
Persistent and repeated use of substances resulting in adverse consequences in an individual’s life over a 12 month period:

uses substances even though they are experiencing problems in their life

using substances in a physically hazardous situation

legal problems

social or interpersonal problems
Term
Substance Dependence (3)
Definition
More severe disorder than substance abuse

Characterized by compulsive drug taking behavior and possibly physiologic dependence

Physiologic dependence (tolerance and withdrawal) is not necessary or sufficient for a diagnosis of substance dependence to be given
Term
Proposed Changes to DSM 5 (3)
Definition
Changes section to "Addictions and Related Disorders"

Combines substance abuse and dependence into one disorder of grade clinical severity

Includes Gambling under Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
Term
Gender Differences in SUD (4)
Definition
Men 2X as likely than women(11.6% v 5.9%)

Women telescope and experience more physiologic consequences than men

Women experience anxiety, reduced self-esteem, and depression more often than men

Women tend to present to primary care and mental health facilities rather than D&A treatment
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Individual requires increasingly larger doses to achieve the desired effect
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
Physical symptoms resulting from stopping the use of a drug
Term
Moral/Volitional Model of Addiction (3)
Definition
Belief that the person chooses to misuse substances and can choose not to

Substance abuse is a willful violation of societal rules and norms

Social sanctions/punishments are seen as the solution
Term
Disease Model of Addiction (4)
Definition
Most widely accepted model of addiction in the US today

Alcohol and drug addiction is seen as a “primary disease” that is not secondary to another disorder or condition.

It is chronic, progressive, and (if left untreated) fatal

It has biological, psychological, social, and spiritual components
Term
Cognitive Behavioral Model of Addiction (3)
Definition
Substance use behaviors are the result of the cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and feelings) that precede it

Cognitions such as expectancies, self-efficacy, and attributions, mediate the pathway from the stimulus to the substance use response

Operant and classical conditioning contribute to ongoing substance use
Term
Spiritual/12 Step Model of Addiction (3)
Definition
Powerlessness over substances

Spiritual deficits cause the addiction problem in the person

Recovery occurs via spiritual change as a result of working the 12-steps or another spiritual path
Term
Family Disease Model of Addiction (4)
Definition
Disease of addiction affects families as well as individuals.

The disease develops in the individual who has the SUD and is maintained via family functioning.

The disease manifests itself in other family members in the form of “cothe co-dependency”.

The codependent family members engage in roles and enabling behaviors that maintain the family disease.
Term
Routes of Administration (9)
Definition
Oral (Slowest)
Rectal
Inhalation (Most Rapid)
Snorting
Skin (slowest)
Injection (2nd Most Rapid)
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Term
Psychoactive Drugs
Definition
Affect brain function, mood, and behavior and are subdivided primarily on the basis of physiological and psychological effects
Term
Process Addictions Similarity to SUD (4)
Definition
Compulsion and obsession

Involve euphoria

Bio-psycho-social factors involved in etiology

Wreak havoc in the psychological and social lives of affected individuals

Tolerance and Withdrawal
Term
Cross Addiction
Definition
Between substance misuse and process addictions

Between one or more psychoactive drugs
Term
Social Factors that Influence Gambling (5)
Definition
Accessibility

Acceptability

Peer behaviors

Availability of treatment and prevention

Societal portrayal
Term
Psychology of Gambling (4)
Definition
Conditioned to gamble via reinforcement

Cognitive distortions

Regulate affect or tension

Personality traits/ temperment
(Impulsivity, reward-seeking, loss aversion)
Term
Brain Reward Pathway in Gambling Similar to AOD Use
Definition
Dopamine - Reward, Pleasure, Motivation

Serotonin - Mood, Impulsivity

Epinepherine - Arousal, Excitement

Opioids - Urges, Pleasures

Cortisol - Stress
Term
Current DSM Classification of Gambling

Proposed DSM Classification of Gambling
Definition
Term
Gender/Race/Ethnicity in Gambling
Definition
Native Americans 4-6X more likely.

White and Blacks low rate gambling. Blacks who do gamble have higher rate of problems

Asians least likely to gamble, but those who do often develop serious problems

Men are more likely to have gambling problems than women, but 1/3 of addicted gamblers are women. (rate equalizes when slots are in community settings, e.g, stores).

Men more action gamblers; women more escape
Term
Compulsive Gambling (Diagnostic Criteria) (9)
Definition
Preoccupied with gambling

Need to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve desired excitement

Repeated unsuccessful efforts to control or cut down or stop gambling

Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling

Gambles as a way to escaping from problems or relieving dysphoric mood

After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even

Lies to family members, therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement in gambling

Has jeopardized or lost significant relationship, job, educational, or career opportunity because of gambling

Relies on other to provide money to relieve a desperate financial situation caused by gambling
Term
Gambling V. Compulsive Gambling (3)
Definition
60% of Americans report past year gambling

1% meet criteria for pathological/compulsive gambling

2-3% considered to be problem gamblers
Term
Effects of Addiction in the Family on Children
Definition
Hyperactivity/Attention disorder
Lower IQ
School absenteeism
Behavior problems
Delinquency
Cognitive problems
Alcoholism/Drug addiction
Emotional instability
Social maladjustment
Anxiety/Depression
Poor social support
Low self-esteem
Term
Wegsheider-Cruse Family Roles
Definition
Cheif Enabler
Family Hero
Scapegoat
Lost Child
Family Mascot
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