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Addiction
drug addiction
251
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/30/2010

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Term
Drug
Definition
1. chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for maintenance of normal health
2. administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure
Term
Psychoactive drugs
Definition
Affect:
1. mood
2. cognition
3. behavior
Term
Psychoactive drugs
Definition
Affect:
1. mood
2. cognition
3. behavior
Term
Pharmacology
Definition
study of chemical substances (drugs) on living systems
Term
psychopharmcology
Definition
study of effects of drugs on experiences and behaviors
Term
Drugs are classified by:
Definition
1. origin
2. therapeutic use
3. chemical structure
4. mechanism of action
5. street name
Term
3 factors determine drug effects
Definition
1. pharmacology
2. characteristics of individual
3. context
Term
pharmacodynamics
Definition
1. drug's effects on chemical receptor systems in central and peripheral nervous system
2. drug actions
3. direct and indirect biochemical actions of drugs on their receptor targets
Term
pharmacokinetics
Definition
1. how drug passes through the body to reach its receptor target
2. route of administration
3. absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME)
Term
characteristics of drug users
Definition
- genetics
- sex
- age
- experience
- personality
- psychological set
- interactions
Term
prevalence
Definition
lifetime occurrence of an event
Term
incidence
Definition
number of first time occurrences of event during period of time
Term
polydrug use
Definition
refers to individuals who actively use multiple drugs
Term
drugs taken simultaneously
Definition
- alcohol and tobacco
- caffeine and tobacco
- candy flipping: ecstasy and LSD
-speedball: cocaine and heroin
Term
Types of smoking related deaths
Definition
- lung cancer
- heart disease
- lung disease
- infant mortality
Term
types of alcohol related deaths
Definition
- alcohol related accidents
- alcohol overdose
- liver disease
- other cancers, heart disease
- alcohol related violence
Term
Economic costs of smoking
Definition
- estimated cost $157 billion
- each pack of cigarettes cost $7.18 for medical care
- smoker's cost about $3300/ yr
Term
drug abuse/ misuse
Definition
any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal or social harm to individual or to others affects by drug user's behavior
Term
substance abuse
Definition
- considered less severe
- causes clinically important distress or impairment
- shown in 12 month period by one or more symptoms
Term
symptoms of substance abuse
Definition
- failure to carry out major obligations
- repeated use in hazardous situations
- repeated experience of legal problems
- still using, knowing the problems it has caused
Term
substance dependence
Definition
- considered more severe
- diagnostic form of addiction
- 12 month period showing one or more of the symptoms
Term
item response theory
Definition
- scaling problems
- a single unidimensional disorder
Term
symptoms of substance dependence
Definition
- use is great than intended
- trying to control with no success
- spending much time with alcohol or recovering from it
- abandoning work
- continue to use knowing the problems it has caused
- tolerance
- withdrawal
Term
history of drug use
Definition
- alcohol: 6400 BC
- opium: 5000 BC
- marijuana: 2500 BC
- cocaine: 2500 BC
Term
frugivory
Definition
- fruit consumption
- airborne alcohol could enhance olfactory localization of ripe and decaying fruit
- stimulate appetite
Term
drug use in U.S.
Definition
- Pre colonial native americans used tobacco and naturally occurring psychedelics (peyote)
- opiates widely used in 19th century as pain killers (soothing syrup, swelling, alcohol withdrawal, dysentery)
Term
synergistic effects
Definition
using multiple drugs at the same time can intensify their effects
Term
changes in DSM V
Definition
- 1 disorder instead of 2: use disorder
- added craving/ strong desire to list
- 2/10 symptoms met
Term
dendrites
Definition
ears such that they hear communication from other neurons
Term
axon
Definition
mouth communicate with other neurons
Term
mylin
Definition
lipid sheath that speeds reactions
Term
axon terminal
Definition
specific area where neurotransmission occurs (release of a chemical that alters the reactivity of the following neuron)
Term
synapse
Definition
1. area between pre and post synaptic neuron
2. space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released by pre- synaptic neuron to bind to receptors on post synaptic neuron and where reuptake or degradation occurs
Term
neurons
Definition
1. similar to cells in body
2. can communicate with each other
3. about 100 billion in brain
Term
development of drug laws
Definition
1875- san francisco ordinance (ban opium dens)
1906- pure food drug act (control opium addiction, require labeling)
1914- harrison narcotics act
1920- 18th amendement prohibition
1933- 21st amendment- repeal prohibition
1937- marijuana tax act
1940-1970- increase in legal consquences
1965- dug abuse control amendment
1970- comprehensive drug abuse act (basis for current drug regulation)
Term
18th amendment cons
Definition
- extremely difficult to enforce
- dangers of blackmarket alcohol use
- increases in marijuana use
- disproportionately affected working americans, criticized for being biased
- highly unpopular
- criminal groups took over alcohol distribution
Term
18th amendment pros
Definition
- victory for temperance movement
- reduced drinking by 30-50%
- reduced alcohol related arrests
- reduced liver cirrohosis deaths
- reduced alcohol related treatment admissions
Term
schedule I examples
Definition
- heroin
- mdma
- marijuana
- quaaludes
Term
schedule II
Definition
- opium
- cocaine
- meth
- oxycodone
- pcp
Term
schedule III
Definition
- ketamine
- marinol
- tylenol w codeine
Term
schedule IV
Definition
- valium
- ativan
- xanax
Term
schedule V
Definition
- phernagan
- robitussin
Term
drug testing issues
Definition
- infringement of privacy
- unclear relationship between evidence and poor job performance
- variable relationship between drug and testing
- test invalidity
Term
drug actions
Definition
- mimic or block neurotransmitters
- alter synthesis or transport
- affect storage or release
- alter breakdown or reuptake
Term
major parts of brain
Definition
- hindbrain
- midbrain
- forebrain
Term
hindbrain
Definition
- medulla
- pons
- cerebellum
Term
medulla
Definition
- respiration, heart rate, vomiting
Term
pons
Definition
- sleep and wakefulness
Term
cerebellum
Definition
- smooth motor movement
Term
midbrain
Definition
- inferior colliculi
- superior colliculi
- substania nigra
Term
inferior colliculi
Definition
- integration of auditory stimuli
Term
superior colliculi
Definition
- localization of visual stimuli
Term
substania nigra
Definition
- initiation of movement
Term
forebrain
Definition
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- basal ganglia
- neural basis for reward
- cerebral cortex
Term
thalamus
Definition
- sensory stimuli relay station
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
- regulation of ingestive behavior and metabolism
- control of body temp
- sexual behavior
Term
amygdala
Definition
- aggression, fear, emotion
Term
hippocampus
Definition
- memory storage
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
- caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
- responsible for parkinson's disease
Term
neural basis for reward
Definition
- mesolimbic dopamine pathway
- activated by basic non drug activities (food, sex, monetary rewards)
- all drugs activate, directly or indirectly
Term
dopamine pathways functions
Definition
- reward (motivation)
- pleasure, euphoria
- motor function (fine tuning)
- preservation
Term
serotonin pathways functions
Definition
- mood
- memory processing
- sleep
- cognition
Term
lobes of cerebral cortex
Definition
- occipital: vision
- parietal: integrates sensory info
- temporal: speech, language, and hearing
- frontal: executive functioning (higher cognition and goal directed)
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
- higher processing of sensation and perception
- speech and language
- seat of consciousness and cognition
Term
executive functioning (frontal lobes)
Definition
- choice behavior (decision making)
- value attribution
- behavioral inhibition
- working memory
- abstract thought
- moral reasoning
- empathy
- consciousness
Term
ROA oral
Definition
- most common
- stomach> GI tract
- relatively slow
- messy
- first pass metabolism
Term
ROA inhalation
Definition
- fast and effective
- gaseous form or microdroplets (tobacco, cocaine)
- relatively small unit of consumption
Term
ROA injection
Definition
- subcutaneous:easiest injection approach, relatively slow, drugs may serve irritants
- intramuscular: deeper site, faster, risk for infection
- intravenous: (mainlining) very rapid, risk for infection, HIV hepatitis
Term
ROA sublingual
Definition
- under tongue
- faster than oral but relatively slow
- typically not used therapeutically because of unpleasant tastes
Term
ROA intranasal
Definition
- snorting
- relatively quick
- mucous membrane diffusion
Term
ROA transdermal
Definition
- through skin (natural barrier)
- large surface area
- high blood flow is associated with faster absorption
Term
speeds of ROA
Definition
5. oral/ transdermal
4. subcutaneous injection
3. intramuscular injection
2. intranasal/ sublingual
1. inhalation/ intravenous
Term
elimination
Definition
- 1st pass metabolism
- alcohol>acetaldelhyde> acetate
- pathways: kidneys, liver, respiriation
Term
zero order metabolism
Definition
- independent of concentration
Term
first order metabolism
Definition
- varies based on concentration
Term
absorption
Definition
- rate and extent to which a drug leaves its site of administration and enters the body
Term
solubility
Definition
- ability of a drug to penetrate body membranes
Term
diffusibility
Definition
- tissue permeability
Term
bioavailability
Definition
- portion of a drug that reaches its site of action
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
- GABA
- glutamate
- endorphins
- acetylcholine
- monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine)
Term
GABa
Definition
- primary inhibitor or (breaks)
- widespread and used throughout brain
Term
glutamate
Definition
- primary excitatory chemical or (gas)
Term
norepinephrine (NE)
Definition
- cns equivalent to adrenaline in pns
- related to arousal
Term
serotonin (5HT)
Definition
- diverse effects associated with mood, sleep, appetite, etc
Term
dopamine (DA)
Definition
- critical role in reward and motivation
- partially related to pleasure
- how "valuable" stimulus is and in movement initiation
Term
endorphins
Definition
- natural pain relieving chemicals and play roles in positive feelings and rewards as well as subective pleasure
-endogenous opiates
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
- 1st neurotransmitters discovered
- important in learning/ cognition and muscle movement
Term
agonist
Definition
- increase NT activity
- cocaine/ amphetamines (act on dopamine and NE)
- nicotine acts on acetylcholine
Term
antagonist
Definition
- decrease NT activity
- chlopromazine
- atropine
Term
electrroencephalography EEG
Definition
- uses emitted electrical activity to measure brain activity
Term
computerized axial tomography CAT
Definition
- x rays to get a 3d image of brain
Term
positron emission tomography PET
Definition
- uses radioactive isotopes to measure brain structure and activity
Term
magnetic resonance imaging MRI/ fMRI
Definition
-uses magnetic fields to measure brain structure, function, and activity
Term
absorption affected by:
Definition
- solubility
- diffusibility
- bioavailability
Term
neural transmission
Definition
- signal received reaches threshold, + ions flow which rapidly depolarizes neuron= action potential
- action potential reaches terminal and releases neurotransmitters into synapse
- neuro bind to receptor molecules on post synaptic and excite next neuron
- either taken back up into pre synaptic or destroyed by enzymes
Term
alcohol: pharmacokinetics
Definition
- ingestion: oral
-distribution: total body water
- absorption: small intestine, food alters time, 1st pass metabolism
- metabolism: 10-14g/ hr
Term
smoking and cancer
Definition
- implicated in 30% of all cancer deaths
- 80-90% of lung cancer deaths
Term
smoking and obstructive lung disease
Definition
- 80-90% are caused by smoking
Term
chromosomes
Definition
- thread like structures in cell nuclei that contain an organism's da
- conception conjoins one maternal and one paternal chromosome
Term
genome
Definition
- an organism's total genetic material
Term
history of nicotine- 15th century
Definition
- indigenous americans
- tobacco market controlled by spanish
- brought back to europe during late 15th century
Term
withdrawal syndrome- nicotine
Definition
- craving
- anxiety
- irritability/ impatience
- difficulty concentrating
- restlessness
- increased appetite
- GI complaints
Term
gene
Definition
- a specific sequence in genome that controls transmission or expression of one or more traits
- functional unit of inheritance
Term
history of alcohol
Definition
- ancient beginnings, variable levels of consumption
- hammurabi of babylon, egyptains, greeks and romans
- dark ages, middle ages, renaissance, colonial period
- 20th century: hoovers experiment (18th amendment), repeal (21st amendment)
Term
alcohol content
Definition
- u.s. standard drink- 14g of ethanol
- proof: double the %
- beer: 12 oz of 5% alcohol
- wine: 5oz of 12% alcohol
- liquor: 1-5 oz of 40% alcohol
Term
blood alcohol content
Definition
- % of alcohol in one's blood
Term
u.s. alcohol use
Definition
- ever consumed alcohol 98%
- annual use 80%
- last month 63&
Term
history nicotine- 16th century
Definition
- widespread use in europe, asia
- initiated penalties from smoking by leaders
Term
1492- mid 1600s- nicotine history
Definition
- nicotine viewed by many as possessing medicinal qualities
- "cure all"
Term
1828- history nicotine
Definition
- nicotine isolated from tobacco and discovered to be highly toxic and addictive
- by civil war, medicinal use ended
Term
rest of nicotine history
Definition
1830-1860: increasingly identified as dangerous and toxic
1963: u.s. peak
Term
distribution half-life
Definition
refers to amount of time it takes for half of drug to be distributed throughout the body
Term
effects of nicotine
Definition
- increases arousal
- increases tone and activity of GI tract
- increases attention, learning and memory
- reduced appetite
- alleviates withdrawal
- raises dopamine levels
- biphasic effect at low/ high doses
Term
biphasic effect
Definition
- low: stimulatory effect
- high: inhibitory effect of neural transmission
Term
nicotine poisoning
Definition
- pallor
- nausea
- tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
- hyperthermia (elevated temp)
- diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
Term
varenicline
Definition
- reduces cravings and negative affect
- partial agonist of a4b2 nicotinic receptors
- results in mild increase 32% in na da
- reduces da release
- operate reducing the reinforcing effects of nicotine by attenuating each sensitivity
Term
buproprion
Definition
-reduces cravings and negative affect but increases insomnia
- acts on 3 systems: DA (weak agonist), NE (weak agonist), 5HT (weak antagonist)
- alleviation of withdrawal (da and ne effects)
- attenuating nicotine's reinforcing effects
Term
preparation
Definition
- interested in changing, making plans for action, needs to commit to take action
Term
action
Definition
engaged in specific activities to change
Term
maintenance
Definition
continues to use of behavior change activities
Term
project match
Definition
matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity
Term
appropriate for goal of moderation
Definition
- younger individuals
- better psychosocial functioning
- less alcohol dependent
- individual who do not label themselves alcoholics
- individuals who identified abstinence as a goal
Term
alcoholism psychological treatments
Definition
- motivational enhancement therapy
- reinforcement based approaches
- community reinforcement approach
- contingency management
- coping skills training
Term
nicotine withdrawal
Definition
- too little nicotine (after body adapts to its chronic presence)
- cravings
- anxiety
- irritability/ impatience
- attentional problems
- increased appetite
- GI complaints
Term
basic goal of quantitative genetic studies/ example
Definition
- characterize statistical heritability of conditions based on typical genetic overlap
- twin studies
Term
most common nicotine related phenotypes and heritability
Definition
- 50%
- nicotine dependence, quantitative measures of smoking, smoking initiation, smoking persistence
Term
meta- analysis
Definition
- a quantitative study of many previous studies
Term
skill domains with coping/ social skills therapy
Definition
- interpersonal skills
- cognitive emotional mood regulation skills
- stress reduction skills- coping with craving and alcohol related contexts
Term
history cocaine- indigenous south americans
Definition
- began chewing coca leaf
- done for religious, medicinal, and work related purposes
Term
history cocaine- european use
Definition
1855-1860: isolation of cocaine alkaloid (very potent portion of leaf) responsible for intense effects
1880s: anesthetic use, cocaine became an epidemic, started to be prescribed then sold over counter as anesthetic
- recreational use (wines, coca cola)
- conflicting experiences with chewing coca (good/bad)
Term
carbon monoxide
Definition
- larger player in health consequences of smoking
- depletes oxygen from tissues of body, most evidently in heart and brain
Term
tolerance for nicotine
Definition
- develops quickly
- consumption can escalate rapidly, resulting in physiological dependence
Term
pregnant women and nicotine
Definition
- increase rates of abortion
- premature births
- low birth weight
Term
tar
Definition
contains carcinogens and main contributor to cancer related illness
Term
5 stages of change through motivation
Definition
1. pre-contemplation
2. contemplation
3. preparation
4. action
5. maintenance
Term
pre contemplation
Definition
either unaware of problems or uninterested in changing
Term
contemplation
Definition
- consider pros and cons of a problem and pros and cons of trying to change
Term
types of cocaine and ROA
Definition
- coca leaf>oral
- coca paste> smokable
- street cocaine> intranasal/ injection
- crack> smokable
Term
alcohol
Definition
chemically, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxl group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group
Term
mechanisms of nicotine replacement therapy
Definition
- involves physical dependence
- replaces nicotine and gradually weans individuals off nicotine
- low abuse liability due to pharmacokinectics
- high tolerability over the counter
Term
nicotine replacement therapy
Definition
- patch
- gum
- lozenge
- inhaler
- spray
Term
treatment for nicotine dependence
Definition
- fda approved pharmacological treatments
- nicotine replacement therapy
- bupropion
- varenicline
Term
behavioral treatments
Definition
- brief advice
- individual counseling
- group counseling
- telephone support
Term
molecule genetic studies
Definition
- compare individual genotypes or combinations of genotypes based on group characteristics
- case control design
- genes investigated primarily related to nicotine's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Term
allele
Definition
either of alternative forms of a gene
Term
polymorphism
Definition
- variation in gene
Term
active ingredients in psychosocial treatments
Definition
- coping skills (identifying triggers, problem solving, skills training)
- social support
Term
side effects of BUP and VRN
Definition
- varenicline: nausea, abnormal dreams
- buproprion: insomnia
- both: dry mouth and anxiety
Term
community reinforcement approach package
Definition
- martial therapy
- job club
- social/ leisure counseling
- social club
- home visits
- problem solving
- relaxation training
Term
fermentation
Definition
- yeast metabolize dissolved in sugar
- result: ethanol and carbon dioxide
- grape juice> wine
- grain> beer
- distilling wine or beer> hard liquor
Term
types of alcohol
Definition
- isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
- methyl alcohol (wood alcohol)
- ethanol (potable alcohol)
Term
alcoholism- pharmacological treatments
Definition
- naltrexone
- acamprosate
- topiramate
Term
cocaine pharmacokinetics
Definition
- oral: 10-15 minutes, slow and even
- intranasal: 3-10 minutes
- intravenous and inhalation: 15-30 seconds, near instantaneous
Term
history- emergence of misuse for cocaine
Definition
1900: abuse potential is increasingly evident
1914: sale and distribution outlawed by harrison narcotic act
1970: controlled substance act schedule II
Term
overdose risk for cocaine
Definition
- heart attack
- cardiac arrhythmia
- stroke
- respiratory collapse from seizures
Term
behavioral effects for cocaine (post intoxication)
Definition
- anxiety
- impulsivity
- dysphoria/ depression
- anger/ irritability
- anhedonia
- motoric disorders
- paranoia/ psychotic (formication)
- stimulant psychosis (similar to schizophrenia)
Term
heighten arousal for cocaine
Definition
- heart rate
- pupillary dilation
- broncodilation
- sympathomimetic
Term
acute effects for cocaine
Definition
- euphoria/ elation
- alertness
- rapid speech
- arousal effects
Term
nicotine's +/ - reinforcing properties
Definition
- mild stimulation (pr)
- improved GI tone and activity (pr)
- enhanced attention, learning and memory (pr)
- appetite suppressant (nr)
- alleviates withdrawal (nr)
- pr= provision of outcomes that strengthens behavior
- nr= removal of outcome that strengthens behavior
Term
CPY2A6
Definition
- partially responsible for nicotine breakdown
- lower probability of being a smoker
- among smokers, fewer cigarettes and lighter topography
Term
CHRNA4
Definition
- significantly greater smoking induced reward
- greater nicotine dependence
Term
withdrawal opiates
Definition
- 8-12 hours: runny nose/ eyes, sweats, irritability, tremor
- 48-72 hrs: pupil dilation, anorexia, pilerection (goose bumps)
- long term: hypersensitivity to pain, anhedonia- can't enjoy pleasure emotions
Term
china's use of opium
Definition
- 1792: initial control of opium
- lots of abuse
- opium wars with uk
- 1868: 27% adult males addicted
Term
opium
Definition
- dried opium is smoked
- plant papaver somniferum
- active ingredient- morphine
- native to middle east and mediterranean sea
Term
opium mimics
Definition
endorphins in brain
Term
analgesia
Definition
pain relief produced without loss of consciousness
Term
heroin
Definition
- drug produced chemically processing morphine, more potent than morphine
- major opiate drug of abuse
- alternative to morphine
Term
naloxone
Definition
- short acting opiate ANTAGONIST
- decrease stimulant effects
- increase sedative effects
- decrease cravings
- significant but modest effects
Term
distribution of opiates
Definition
- via circulatory system
- speed to blood depends on speed to other areas
- metabolized by liver
- excreted through urine
Term
tolerance opiates
Definition
- extensive
- prototypical shift from + to - takes place
- behavioral tolerance plays an important role in overdose
Term
ROA opiates
Definition
- oral (prescription)
- inhalation (opium)
- intranasal (heroin, prescription)
- intravenous (heroin, morphine)
- transdermal (fentanyl patch)
Term
morphine
Definition
- isolated from opium by serturner
- more potent than opium
- analgesic effects
- 1827: commercially available by merk
- soldiers disease
Term
new opiates
Definition
- hydrocondone
- hydromorphone
- oxycodone
- fentanyl
Term
short term effects opiates
Definition
- decreased body temp and blood pressure
- pupil constriction
- drying of secretion
- constipation
- decreased sex drive
- respiratory depression
- analgesia
- euphoria
Term
methadone
Definition
- synethetic opion
- mu agonist
- longer lasting
- reduce cravings and withdrawal
Term
buperenorphine
Definition
- synethetic opoin
- alleviates craving and withdrawal
- bocks reward
- more convenient
Term
heroin history
Definition
1874: wright invents diacetylmorphine (heroin)
1898: heinrich dresser finds dia is more potent
- name for heroic effects
Term
long term opium/ heroin
Definition
- overdose risk
- injection (aids/ hepatitis, liver kidney damage, organ damage)
Term
history endorphins
Definition
1960s: naloxone blocks morphine
1970s: receptors for opiates
- natura, morphine substances in brain
- excitation of DA in vta> nacc via inhibition of GABA at vta
Term
alcohol metabolism
Definition
- 95% by enzyme alcohol dehydryogensae
- rest urine and evaporates in breathing
Term
groups who benefit from disulfiram
Definition
-older individuals
- socially stable
Term
withdrawal symptoms alcohol
Definition
- hrs after: shakes, sweats, headaches, weakness, nausea
- 24hrs: grand mal seizures
- 30 hrs- 4 days: tremens, disorientation, rapid HR, hallucinations and delusions
Term
acamprosate
Definition
- mild GABA agonist
- glutamate antagonist
- decrease long term GABA and glutamate dysregulation
Term
medications for alcohol treatment
Definition
- disulfiram
- naltrexone
- acamprosate
- topiramate- not fda approved
Term
OPRM1
Definition
- encodes mu opioid receptor
- activity at mu= pleasure and rewards
- AA= typical sensitivity
- AG/GG= increase sensitivity
- increases risk of AUD
Term
ALDH2
Definition
- 1/1 normal activity
- 1/2 or 2/2 low activity
- more common in asian populations
- acute toxic response
- low risk of alcohol use disorder
- 1 or more alleles= protective effects against developing disorder
Term
intermediate phenotype
Definition
-connects genetic variation with clinical condition
- increasing way to understand genetic influences
- 2 studies: ALDH2 and OPRM1
Term
alcohol and aggression
Definition
- associated with agression, self harm, robbery, assault
- about 35% suicide completers
- acts as disinhibitor
- studies don't support clear relationship between 2
Term
sensorimotor effects of alcohol
Definition
- impairs vision, taste, and smell
- decreased pain when BAC .08-.10
- slows simple reaction time and complex reaction time
- impairs psychomotor performance and divided attention ability
Term
central paradox
Definition
- large aggregate genetic influences
- types: adoption, twin, animal studies
- small individual genotype influences
Term
biphasic effects alcohol
Definition
- stimulant: increase excitement, talkative
- sedative: decrease sluggish, cognitive slowing
Term
pharmacodynamics alcohol
Definition
- GABA excitation: sedation and anxiety reduce
- glutatmate INHIBITION: cognitive problems
- opioid excitation: pleasure/ analgesia
- opioid receptors INHIBIT GABAc neurons to control da receptors
Term
alcohol induced brain damaged
Definition
- wernicke korsakoff syndrome
- liver disease
Term
alcohol and sexual response
Definition
- doesn't increase sexual response
- expectancy effects plays role
Term
cirrhosis
Definition
- inflammation from cell death and accumulation of scar tissue
- irreversible 50%
- alcohol dependence leading cause of cirrhosis
- 15% of alcoholics develop this
Term
liver disease
Definition
- highly vulnerable
- major metabolizer of alcohol
- potential damage: fatty liver and alcohol hepatitis, cirrhosis
Term
korsakoff's syndrome
Definition
- permanent irreversible brain damage from alcohol
- severe memory impairment, confusion, and confabulation
Term
wernick'e disease
Definition
- caused by long term heavy drinking and nutritional deficiency (thiamine)
- acute symptoms: confusion, staggering, memory problems
Term
topiramate
Definition
- mild GABA AGONISM
- glutamate ANTAGONIST
- fda for migraines and acts anticonvulsant
- reducing alcohol: unknown
- better for heavy drinking
Term
why marijuana is only consumed about 20%
Definition
- side stream smoke
- combustion
- incomplete absorption
Term
marijuana oral
Definition
- solid (brownies) or liquid (tea)
- inefficient: liver clears some THC
- effects longer 4-6 hours
- peak plasma 1-2 hours
Term
pharmacodynamics marijuana
Definition
- exerts effects: endocanabonoids
- anandamide activates 2 types of receptors: cd1 and cd2
- THC mimics anadamide with direct and indirect effects
Term
part of marijuana plant
Definition
- called cannabis sativa
- hemp: fiber source
- marijuana: top leafy portion
- hashish: dust of plant resisn
Term
fetal effects for marijuana
Definition
- increased risk premature birth
- lower weight/ shorter length
- increased risk for childhood cancer and ADHD symptoms
Term
tolerance for marijuana
Definition
- moderate
- contingent on persistent heavy use
Term
long term effects marijuana
Definition
- physiological dependence
- amotivational syndrome
- reproductive effects
- substance dependence
Term
effects when THC mimics anandamide
Definition
- powerful cb1 agonism
- choosy GABA ANTAGONISM
- DA AGONISM: preceding GABA effects
- actions simliar to opiates
Term
pharmacokinetics of marijuana
Definition
- metabolized by liver
- excreted slowly= urine and feces
- detected at least 30 days in drug test
Term
history of marijuana in Americas
Definition
1545: chile by spainards
1611: raised for fiber in virginia
- hemp raised in chile, vi, and new england by 1629
1800s: some medicinal use
- low recreational use until 1920s
1920s: smoking introduced in USA
Term
history of marijuana
Definition
- stone age: fiber
2800 BC: medicinally in china
10th century: arabs used hashish
11th century: egyptians used hashish
1800s: medicinal use in uk and france
1960s: became popular in europe
Term
withdrawal syndrome (less common)- marijuana
Definition
- chills
- depressed mood
- stomach pain/ physical discomfort
- shakiness
- sweating
Term
withdrawal syndrome (most common) marijuana
Definition
- anger, irritability, aggression
- anxiety/ nervousness
- decreased appetite/ weight loss
- restlessness
- sleep difficulties/ strange dreams
Term
amotivational syndrome
Definition
- reduced capacity to accomplish goals
- probable roles: selection bias, expectancies, ifestyles)
Term
withdrawal marijuana
Definition
- controversial but now more convincing
- contingent on persistent heavy use
Term
short term effects of marijuana
Definition
- relaxation, mild euphoria
- augmented sense of humor
- perceptual abnormalities- time alter
- augmented appetite
- mild analgesia
- (-) reactions: paranoia, loss of control, panic
Term
cognitive effects marijuana
Definition
- impaired short term memory
- impaired concentration
Term
reproductive effects marijuana
Definition
- males: decrease sperm and motility
- females: nonovulatory menstrual cycles
Term
adverse effects of hallucinogens
Definition
- acute psychotic reactions (bad trips)
- long term psychological deficits
Term
dissociative anesthetic
Definition
- class of drugs including PCP (phencyclidine) and ketpamine (special k)
- produce intoxication at moderate levels
- surgical anesthesia at high levels
- synthesized in 1956
Term
phencyclidine
Definition
-dissociative anesthetic
- pcp
Term
serotonergic hallucinogens
Definition
- class of drugs that includes LSd and drugs w similar effects and mechanisms of actions
- induce powerful hallucinatory and mystical experiences
Term
mesacaline
Definition
- an LSD like found in peyote cactus
Term
meth amphetamines
Definition
- class of drugs including mda and mdma
- sympathomimetic
- don't product visual hallucinations
- long term brain destruction of serontonergic terminals
Term
psilocybin
Definition
- an LSD like found in mushrooms
Term
ROA serotonergic hallucinogens
Definition
- oral
- transdermal
- 20-60 mins to effects
Term
LSD
Definition
- synthetic compound
-discovered by albert hofmann
- effects serontonergic neurons
- sympathomimetic drug
- no dependence problems
- flashbacks reported
Term
history serontonergic hallucinogens
Definition
- used in religious rituals by aztecs
1938/1943: LSD albert hoffmann
1950s: examined for psychotherapy
1960s: use increased followed by sharp declines
1970s/ 1980s: further declines
Term
what part of brain does serontonergic hallucinogens disrupt
Definition
- thalamus and cortex
Term
duration of serontonergic hallucinogens
Definition
- LSD 8-12 hrs
- psilocybin 3-4 hrs
- metabolize quick- undetectable for 72 hrs
Term
meth amphetamines history
Definition
1914: merck patented mdma
1960s: DOM use more common
1970s: mdma increase
- legal until 1985- schedule 1
1990s: increase mdma
Term
pharmacokinetics meth amphetamines
Definition
- oral 10-15 mins
- consumed intranasally 3-10 mins or intravenously
- inhalation 15-30 seconds
- absorbed rapidly
- last 6-8 hrs
Term
pharmacodynamics meth amphetamines
Definition
- acute release of DA, NE, 5HT
- blocks reuptake of 5HT and DA
Term
experimental effects: meth amphetamines
Definition
- euphoria
- well being
- emotional warmth
- lowered defensiveness
- increased verbal behavior
Term
hangover effects of meth amphetamines
Definition
- opposite of intoxicating effects
- dysphoria
- irritability
- lethargy
Term
long term effects of meth amphetamines
Definition
- cell death due to over stimulation
- focal and brain damage
- damage to serotonin transmission
- damage evident at 7 yr follow up
Term
excitotoxicity
Definition
- over stimulation to point of cell death
Term
ROA dissociative
Definition
- inhalation (primary)
- oral 2 hrs
- intravenous
- peak 5-15 mins
- remains in body 2 days
- selective GLUTAMATE ANTAGONIST
- effects last 4-6 hrs
Term
acute effects for dissociative
Definition
- well being and euphoria
-numbness
- slurred speech
- sedative effects
- hallucinations
Term
physiological effects for dissociative
Definition
- profuse sweating
- rapid HR
- disrupted eye movement (nystagmus)
Term
overdose for dissociative
Definition
- seizure
- coma
- respiratory failure
Term
most to least potent hallucinogens
Definition
1. LSD
2. LSA
3. psilocybin
4. medacaline
Term
ketamine
Definition
- special k
- dissociative anesthetic
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
- drugs that have capacity to alter perceptual, cognitive, and emotional states
Term
3 classes of hallucinogens
Definition
- serontonergic
- meth amphetamines
- dissociative
Term
meth amphetamines medicinal use
Definition
- cold and sinus symptoms
- obesity
- narcoelspy
- heroin addiction
Term
history of meth amphetamines
Definition
- 1914: harrison act
- 1920s: medicinal use
1960-70s: epidemic of abuse
Term
alcoholics anonymous
Definition
- 12 steps
- founded in 1935
- 90 meetings in 90 days
Term
project match
Definition
- patients randomly assigned to 12 steps, cognitive behavioral coping skill, motivational enhancement therapy
Term
psychological treatments for alcoholism
Definition
- motivational enhancement therapy
- reinforcement based approaches
- coping social skills
Term
motivational enhancement therapy
Definition
- attempts to move individuals through various stages of change
- uses and supports individual's own plans and goals
Term
contingency management
Definition
- delivery of reinforcing responses contingent on occurrence of target response
- reinforcing substance abstinence and opportunities to earn alternative rewards
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