Term
To understand family functioning, one must understand how each relationship within the family, influences the family as a whole
sib may act different when another is in the room
changes in these relationships cause disequilibrium
this is the basis of what theory? |
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a big socializing agent is your older siblings
*differentiation can be an active goal too
important in why sibling interactions mimic parent child interactions
these are characteristics of ____ theory |
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Definition
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Have more behavior problems in school
Have lower test scores and lower levels of academic achievement in school
Attain lower levels of education (more likely to drop out of high school and less likely to pursue postsecondary education)
Are more likely to become single parents and parents as teenagers
More likely to experience mental illness
More likely to be obese and have poorer health outcomes
these are all factors of _____ or |
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Definition
| financial problems or stress |
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Term
| what 3 federal programs are designed to support low-income families? |
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Definition
TANF ( Temporary Assistance for NEedy Families)
EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit)
federal income tax credit |
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Term
Lower educational attainment
More likely to remain poor
Impaired physical growth and health
Reduced academic achievement
Increased risk for behavioral and psychological problems
these are some consequences of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| method that students rate social status of others based on nominations for liked and not liked |
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Definition
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label given to the kids who people want to hangout with because of status but the people who aren’t very nice
____ |
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Definition
| controversial/ perceived popularity |
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| label given to the kids who people want to hangout with most |
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Definition
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| label given to the kid who nominates no one and doesn’t get nominated by nearly anyone |
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label given to the person who connects multiple cliques together
Lots of people say this is them when its really not |
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Definition
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| Cross-race friendships ______ over time and become more ______ |
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Definition
| decline over time and become more unstable |
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Term
Predictors: opportunity, academic classroom climate, school/classroom size
these are all predictors of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Consequences of _______= greater feelings of belonging, high status and prosocial |
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Definition
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| students tend to undergo negative behavioral changes when entering middle school because |
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Definition
larger & less personal
teachers have different beliefs
less likely to trust students which creates mismatch because students want more independence
teachers believe students abilities are fixed
teachers least likely to be confident |
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Term
| across the transition to high school your GPA and achievement ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| when transitioning to high school your mental health _____ |
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Definition
| becomes more depressed and anxious because of the variation in self worth |
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| when transitioning to high school your relationship with educators is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| strengths of No Child Left Behind Act |
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Definition
-attention to achievement gaps across subgroups
- addresses social promotions (especially in transition years)
- takes into account graduation rates for adequate yearly progress |
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Term
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Definition
-Poorly funded because of test administration,
- risk of teaching to the test (decrease in developed schools)
-question of test effectiveness,
-proficiency is variable in each state
-If school fails for 5 years in meeting yearly progress= school is reconstituted and fired all staff and faculty and hire new people which may not be effective |
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Term
| why does race/ethnic and SES segregation matter in schools? |
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Definition
| stark disparities in resources & schools mirror the composition of the larger residential communities |
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Term
| o strategy of separating students by academic ability into different classes within the same school |
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Definition
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Term
| benefit of academic tracking |
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Definition
| teachers can fine tune lessons |
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Term
| limitations of academic tracking |
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Definition
| unequal education across tracks, difficult to ecape initial track placement |
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Term
| social economic composition of american youth |
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Definition
latino are more likely to be poor, then AF amn
- less funding
-teacher quality and turnover up to 50% per year
- schools mirror the community with crime and disorganization, lack of opportunities
- have many risk factors educationally
- score higher on numerous success measures |
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Term
| over time there is a ______ in involvement and ability to help |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of involvement is higher? home or school based? |
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Definition
| home based however there are declines across secondary school, particularly for college track kids |
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Term
| Rituals, norms, and philosophy of ____ SES parents drive parenting practices and reinforce status hierarchy |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ based involvement is a stronger predictor than ____ based |
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Definition
| school based is stronger than home based |
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Term
| variations by SES: Stronger effects of _____-based involvement for adolescents from disadvantaged families |
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Definition
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Term
| benefits of larger schools |
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Definition
| wide range of course opportunities, and wider range of extra curricular activities |
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Term
| benefits of smaller schools |
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Definition
| stronger academic performance, greater participation in extra curricular activities |
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Term
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Definition
Sexual minority adolescence get bullied more in the school environment
framework by Meyer
Minority individuals suffer adverse health outcomes, which are caused by exposure to proximal and distal stressors |
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Term
| according to minority stress theory, higher levels of _____ mediate between sexual minority identity and depressive symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
| sexual minorities are more likely to report |
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Definition
| attraction and not behavior or identity |
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Term
| minority identity development process |
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Definition
| o Confusion → comparison → tolerance → acceptance → pride → synthesis → sensitization |
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Term
| More common to see heterosexual identity moving to same sex for _____ particularly during adolescence and early adulthood |
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Definition
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| Increasing interest in “mostly heterosexual” and _____ sexual identities |
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Definition
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Term
Permissive ideas about sex
Drugs and alcohol
Delinquency
Low religious involvement
Orientation toward independence
these are all associated with |
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Definition
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| after age 18 abstinence has a strong correlation with _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-small tight knit group that play important role in social skill development & intimacy
- although they may change friends, they rarely change teh type of people theyre friends with |
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Term
| crowds function for peer relations |
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Definition
-serve as reference groups, play important role in adolescent's identity development
-pool of potential dating partners |
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Term
| in childhood your main goal with relations is to |
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Definition
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| in middle school the main goal in peer relations is to |
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Definition
fit in with a clique
impulse to figure out where you belong, protective factor |
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| in high school the peer relational goal is to |
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Definition
break down cliques into crowds
become more of an adult
less influential & hierarchical |
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Term
| two primary explanations for homophily |
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Definition
selection- Surround selves with similar people like themselves= reason why some people are friends because they are similar to each other
socialization |
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Term
| _____ are especially important in societies that are governed by universalistic norms, where individuals are educated mainly outside of the family |
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Definition
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Term
| spread of compulsory ______ and changes in _______ contributed to rise of peer groups during 20th century |
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Definition
| secondary education & size of cohorts of adolescents |
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Term
| downplaying conflict resolution type |
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Definition
| Minimize conflict and do not openly discuss or try to resolve the issue |
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Term
| integrative conflict resolution type |
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Definition
| Acknowledge the conflict, but maintain positive affect while trying to understand and resolve the issue. LAST THE LONGEST! |
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Term
| conflictive resolution type |
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Definition
| Acknowledge the conflict, but attempts at resolution lead to escalation and negative affect (especially in female partners) |
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Term
| adolescents face the challenge of _____ that adult relationships do not. |
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Definition
| alternatives because in college you have alternatives around you all the time |
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Term
| factors that contribute to timing of adolescents relationships |
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Definition
pubertal changes draw young people together in group settings which stimulate interest of potentials
-trust, disclosure and concern
- positive family experiences contribute to social competence |
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Term
| factors that affect timing of first sex |
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Definition
biological
ethnic/cultural norms
ethnic differences
time of year ( more likely to lose virginity in June/ December |
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Term
| adolescent development is the product of interaction between ____ & ____ |
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Definition
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