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| also known as innate immunity occurs from birth. As in skin, secretions, and inflammation |
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| is a state of protection, primarily against infectious agents, that differs from inflammation by being slower to develop, being more specific, and having memory that makes it much longer lived |
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| B cells are responsible for ___________ that is mediated by circulating antibodies |
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| T cells are responsible for ___________ , in which they kill targets directly or stimulate the activity of other leukocyte |
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| is produced by an individual either after natural exposure to antigens or after immunizations |
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| passive occurs when preformed T cells are transferred from a donor to the recipient |
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| molecules that bind and react with components of the immune response, such as antibodies and receptors on B and T cells. Most can induce an immune response, and these are called immunogens. |
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| a molecule that will induce an immune response |
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| antigens that are too small to be immunogens by themselves but become immunogenic after combining with larger molecules that function as carriers |
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| antigens that induce an allergic response |
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| what is the role of antigen presenting cells? |
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Definition
1. they capture and process antigens for presentation to T lymphocytes
2. they produce signals (cytokines) required for the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| are plasma glycoproteins that can be classified by chemical structure and biologic activity as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, or IgD. molecule is constructed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains (either κ _or λ) and has two Fab portions that bind antigen and an Fc portion that interacts with complement or receptors on cells. |
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| relates to the process by which large exogenous and endogenous antigens are cut up by enzymes into small antigenic fragments that are linked with appropriate MHC molecules. MHC-Major histocompatibility complex |
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generally used for all antibodies, there are 5 classes. The ending class letter denotes the antigen.
IgG-most abundundant
IgA-2 sub classes 1-blood 2-secretions
IgM- largest Ig. 1st produced during initial response
IgE- normally low concentration in blood (against parasitic infections)
IgD- low concentrations in blood (receptor on early b cells) |
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| direct antibody protection |
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Definition
| direct through the action of antibody alone. attach to specific receptors |
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| indirect antibody protection |
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Definition
| requiring activation of other components of the innate immune response. interact with or activate component of inflammation |
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| partially independent, immune system protects the external surfaces of the body (IgA) |
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| the entire body is protected by the immune system |
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| development of T lymphocytes from stem cells. |
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| The process of T-cell proliferation and differentiation is similar to that for B cells. The primary lymphoid organ for T-cell development is the thymus. Lymphoid stem cells travel through the thymus, where thymic hormones and the cytokine IL-7 promote lymphoid stem cell division and the production of receptors. They exit the thymus as mature |
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| process involves a complex interaction among cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. |
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| The generation results in production of B and T lymphocytes with receptors against millions of antigens that possibly will be encountered in an individual’s lifetime occurs in the fetus in the primary lymphoid organs: the thymus for T cells and portions of the bone marrow for B cells. |
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| bind to the portion of the TCR outside of its normal antigen-specific binding site, as well as to MHC class II molecules outside of their antigen-presentation sites. They activate large amounts of Th cells regardless of antigen specificity , and induce excessive production of cytokines. The overproduction results in symptoms of a systemeic inflammatory reaction including fever, low blood pressure, and potentially, fatal shock. EX: staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes cause toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning. |
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| is characterized typically by initial production of IgM followed by production of IgG against the same antigen. This is the time period after initial exposure to most antigens when antigen processing and B cell differentiation and proliferation occur. After 5 to 7 days, IgM antibody is detected the circulation. This is commonly referred to as the lag phase which is the time necessary for the process of clonal selections |
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Term
| secondary immune response |
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Definition
| is characterized by the more rapid production of a larger amount of antibody than the primary response. The rapidity of the immune response is the result of memory cells that do not require further differentiations. IgM may be transiently produces in the secondary response, but IgG production is increased considerably, making it the predominant antibody class. |
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Term
| elderly alterations in immunity |
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Definition
| 1. Elderly persons are at risk for impaired wound healing, usually because of chronic illnesses. 2. T-cell function and antibody production are somewhat deficient in elderly persons. Elderly individuals also tend to have increased levels of circulating autoantibodies (antibodies against self-antigens). |
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| pediatric alteration in immunity |
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Definition
| 1. Neonates often have transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and alternative complement pathway activity. 2. The T-cell–independent immune response is adequate in the fetus and neonate, but the Tcell–dependent immune response develops slowly during the first 6 months of life. 3. Maternal IgG antibodies are transported across the placenta into the fetal blood and protect the neonate for the first 6 months, after which they are replaced by the child’s own antibodies |
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