Term
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Definition
Specific immunity.
Responses are customized for specific pathogens, and some memory cells stay around after the infection to speed up future immune responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A special class of white blood cells that circulate through the lymphoid tissues as well as lymph and blood. This includes B and T cells. |
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Term
| Where do lymphocytes mature? |
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Definition
B cells mature in the bone marrow.
T cells mature in the thymus. |
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Term
| What is the lymphocyte maturation process? |
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Definition
| Cells that react to self are killed, and cells that react to foreign particles are encouraged. Post-maturation, each B and T cell is specific for only ONE antigen. |
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Term
| How can the innate and adaptive immune systems communicate? |
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Definition
Cytokines
Antigen presentation |
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Term
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Definition
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptors
In humans, HLA |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane glycoproteins that present antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
Presents material from inside the cell.
Specific for CD8 T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Gathers material from outside the cell.
Specific for CD4 T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
"Cell-mediated" immune response.
Two types: CD4 and CD8. |
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Term
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Definition
Recognizes MHC class I.
"Helper" T cells - they stimulate other cells into action, including macrophages, CD8 T cells, and B cells.
They don't do any killing action on their own - instead, they serve as "switchboard operators". |
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Term
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Definition
| An APC presents an antigen, which activates the T cell. The T cell then goes to find a target capable of responding, and encourages them to activate and proliferate. |
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Term
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Definition
Recognizes MHC class I.
"Killer" or "TC" cells.
Destroy damaged or infect cells with specific granule release, with no damage to bystanders.
They target virally-infected cells, cancerous cells, and grafted cells (transplant rejection). |
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Term
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Definition
| They are activated by antigen presentation from an APC, and leave the lymph node to search for anything bearing that antigen. They kill with granzyme and perforin granules. |
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Term
| How do granzyme and perforin kill cells? |
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Definition
| Perforin makes "perforations" in the cell membrane, through which granzyme can enter. Granzyme triggers a caspase cascade, which leads to the shredding of the cell's DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The immature form of plasma cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Immunoglobulin.
Notated: Ab or Ig |
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Term
| How are B cells activated? |
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Definition
| B cells collect antigens from their surroundings and process them, complexing them on their surface with MHC class II. The B cell is stimulated by a CD4 T cell that recognizes the antigen. |
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Term
| What are the three functions of antibodies? |
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Definition
Opsonization: making the microbe more susceptible to phagocytosis
Agglutination: "swamping" the microbe in antibodies, rendering it dysfunctional
Neutralizing toxins |
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Term
| What is the structure of an antibody? |
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Definition
| Antibodies are Y-shaped. The binding regions are variable, and the structural region is constant. |
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Term
| What are the five antibody isotopes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The most prevalent antibody in circulation, and the only one that can cross placenta. It's the most versatile type, and the primary form of memory antibody. |
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Term
| How do cells know where to go? |
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Definition
| They follow chemokines, which act as a "smoke signal" gradient for cells to find the source. |
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Term
| How do leukocytes get from the lymph to tissue? |
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Definition
| Epithelial cells that are infected put out receptors, which snag leukocytes, at first by rolling adhesion, then by diapedesis (tight binding). The leukocyte then goes through the epithelial layer and continues looking for the source of the chemokines. |
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Term
| What does the body do after "winning" an immune battle? |
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Definition
| Most cells die off, but some persist as memory cells. |
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