Term
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Definition
| the study of aging from maturity through old age |
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Term
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Definition
| form of discrimation against odler adults based on age and negative stereotypes in general |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamic interactions among growth, maintenance, and loss regulation |
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Term
| four key features of life span perspective |
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Definition
| multidirectionality (development involves growth and decline), plasticity (capacity is not set in stone), historical context (individual development comes from particaular set of circumstances determined by historical time that we're born and culture we grow up in), and multiple causation (wide variety of forces impacts development) |
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Term
| primary implications of rapid increase in number of older adults |
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Definition
| net population decreases, strain on workers, dramatic increase creates multiple problems of caring for more of them in health care systems that are already inadequate and strained |
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Term
| controversies that historically underlie study of human development |
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Definition
| nature-nurture, change-stability, continuity-discontinuity, universal vs. context specific development |
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Term
| change-stability controversy |
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Definition
| degree to which people reamin the same over time. stability at soem basic level is essential for us to revognize that one is the same individual over time |
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Term
| continuity-discontinuity controversy |
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Definition
| whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smoot progression over time or a series of abrupt shifts. |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on amount of characteristic a person has |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on kinds of characteristics a person has |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to belief that capacity is not fixed but can be learned or improved with practice |
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Term
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Definition
| development involves both growth and decline |
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Term
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Definition
| each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grow up |
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Term
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Definition
| how people develop results from a wide variety of forces (biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life cycle forces) |
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Term
| biological forces of development |
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Definition
| genetic and health related factors that affect development |
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Term
| psychological forces of developmetn |
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Definition
| internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, personality factors |
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Term
| sociocultural forces of development |
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Definition
| interpersonal, societal, cultural, ethnic |
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Term
| life-cycle forces of development |
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Definition
| reflect differenes in how the same event or combination of three of the above affects people at different points in their lives |
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Term
| biopsychosocial framework |
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Definition
| organizing the forces on human development, it is a complete overview of the shapers of human development. each of us is a product of a unique combination of these forces |
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Term
| normative age-graded influences |
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Definition
| experiences caused by biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that are highly correlated with chronological age |
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Term
| normative history-graded influences |
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Definition
| events that most people in a specific culture experience at the same time. give a generation its unique identity |
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Term
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Definition
| random or rare events that may be important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people |
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Term
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Definition
| shared basic value orientations, norms, and beliefs and customary habits and ways of living. provides basic worldview of a society in it that it gives basic explanations about meanins and goals of every day life |
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Term
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Definition
| individual and collective sense of identity based on historical and cultural group membership and related behaviors and beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| normal, disease-free development during adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable. |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid losses that occur shortly before death |
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Term
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Definition
| intellectual abilities decline sharply before death |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which a study provides consistent index of behavior or topic of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which it measures what researchers think it measures |
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Term
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Definition
| peoples answers to questions about the topic of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| watching people and carefully recording what they say or do |
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Term
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Definition
| differences caused by underlying processes |
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Term
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Definition
| differences caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs |
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Term
| time of measurement effects |
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Definition
| differences stemming from sociocultural, environmental, historical, or other events at the time the data are obtained from the participants |
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Term
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Definition
| any situation in which one cannot determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behaviors being observed |
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Term
| rate of living theory to aging |
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Definition
| people only have so much energy to expend in a lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in lab dishes undergo only fixed number of divisions before dying, with number of possible divisions dropping depending on the age of the donor organism |
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Term
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Definition
| ceratain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer. as we age, the amount of cross-links increases |
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Term
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Definition
| unstable molecules which are highly reactive chemicals produced randomly in normal metabolism. when they interact with nearby molecules they might cause cell damage, which in turn impairs the funcitoning of the organ |
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Term
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Definition
| function of physiological processes, the innate ability of cells to self-destruct, and the ability of dying cells to trigger key processes in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cell loss makes outer layer of skin thinner, collagen fibers lose flexibility, elastin fibers lose ability to keep skin stretch out (sag), underlying layer of fat for padding to smooth out contous diminishes |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of germ centers that produce hair follicles |
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Term
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Definition
| cessation of pigment production |
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Term
| changes in voice in aging |
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Definition
| lower pitch, increased breathlessness, trembling, slower/less precise pronounciation, decreased volume |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in height and fluctuations of weight |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of bone mass and increased porosity. bones resemble laced honeycombs. caused by low bone mass at skeletal maturity, also deficiencies of calcium/vitamin d, estrogen depletion, lack of weight bearing exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| disease marked by gradual onset and progression of pain and disability, with minor signs of inflammation due to overuse. pain is worse when joint is being used. affects hands, hips, spine, knees |
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Term
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Definition
| develops slowly and typically affects different joints and other types of pain than osteoarthritis. its like morning sifness in fingers, wrists, and ankles |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of joints damaged by arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in actual eye structure and changes in the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in amount of light that passes through the eye, resulting in need for more light to do work, sensitivity to glare, lens becomes more yellow (poorer color discrimination, lens' ability to adjust and focus |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in seeing close objects clearly |
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Term
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Definition
| opaque spots that may develop on the lens, which limits the amount of light transmitted |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid in the eye doesn't drain properly, causing very high pressure, which can cause internal damage and loss of vision |
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Term
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Definition
| macular degeneration involves progressive and irreversible destruction of receptors auses loss of ability to see details and detachment of retina, hemorrhage, and aneurysms |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to see detail and to discriminate visual patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| cumulative effects of noise and normative age-related changes create the most common age related hearing problem reduced senstivity to high-pictched tones, which occurs more severly than the loss of sensitivity to low pitched tones. |
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Term
| sensory changes in the inner ear |
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Definition
| atrophy and degeneration of receptor cells. little effect on hearing abilities |
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Term
| neural changes in inner ear |
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Definition
| consisting of a loss of neurons in auditory pathway. affects ability to understand speech |
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Term
| metabolic changes in the inner ear |
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Definition
| consisting of a diminished supply of nutrients to the cells in the receptor area. produces severe loss of sensitivity to all pitches |
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Term
| mechanical changes in the inner ear |
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Definition
| atrophy and stiffening of the vibrating structures in the receptor area. produces loss of all pitches, mostly high pitches |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing at any particular moment how your boy is situated. sensory feedback of passive and active movements |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to detect different tastes declines gradually and they vary a great deal from person to person, flavor to flavor |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to detect odors reamins fairly intact, there are wide variations. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when cardiac output and the ability of the heart to contract severely decline, making the heart enlarge, pressure in the veins inrease, and the body swell |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when oxygen supply to the heart muscle beomces insufficient, resulting in chest pain (induced by physical exertion and relieved within 10-15 mins of rest) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when blood supply to heart is severely reduced or cut off. nausea, vomiting, severe weakness, sweating. lifestyle changes in diet and exercise are necessary for rehab |
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Term
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Definition
| age-related disease caused by buildup of fat deposits on and calcification of arterial walls. fat deposits interfere with blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| when blood flow to a portion of the brain is completely cut off. caused by clots that block blood flow, or actual breaking of a blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| problems with speech after CVA |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis on one side of the body due to CVA |
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Term
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Definition
| blood pressure goes above 140-90. caused by genetic mutation affecting enzymes that help control blood pressure and environmental factors related to stress, poor access to healthcare, and poverty |
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Term
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Definition
| low blood pressure. dizziness, lightheadedness, dangerous because could lead to falls! |
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Term
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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Definition
| family of disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. caused by long-term expsure to pollution. progressive disease in which prognosis is very poor |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of membranes aroudn the air sacs in the lungs, creates holes in the lungs, drastically reducing ability to excahnge oxygen for CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| biological process moving from reproductive to nonreproductive years |
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Term
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Definition
| when menstruation ceases.loss of ability to bear children. hot flashes, night sweats, headaches, mood changes, difficulty conccentrating, vaginal dryness, variety of aches and pains |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual delcine in testosterone levels, normative decline of sperm, prostate cancer becomes a threat |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers in the axon beocme twisted together to form paired helical filaments. they are associated with behavioral abnormalities seen in alzheimer's |
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Term
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Definition
| product of damaged and dying neurons collected around a core of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme decrease of dopamine levels. tremors of hands, arms and legs. L-dopa can be converted into dopamine which helps restore levels and there are also drugs that take over dopamine's role and allow patients to regain some muscle control |
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Term
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Definition
| average life expectancy and refers to age at which half the individuals who are born in a particular year will have died |
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Term
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Definition
| oldest age to which any individual of a species lives |
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Term
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Definition
| living to a healthy old age |
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Term
| dependent life expectancy |
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Definition
| simply livign a long time |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of acute and chronic physical or mental disease and impairments |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of a physical or mental disease/impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system can begin attaking the body itself, caused by inbalance of b and t lymphocytes, giving rise to autoantibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| study of relations between psychological, neurological, and immunologial systems that raise or lower our susceptibilty to and ability to recover from disease |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions that develop over a short period of time and cause a rapid change in health |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions that last a longer period of time and may be accompanied by residual functional impairment that necessitates long-term management |
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Term
| stress and coping paradigm |
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Definition
| views stress not as an environmental stimulus or as a response but as the interaction of a thinking person and an event |
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Term
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Definition
| categorizes events into three basic gropud based on significance they have for our well being (irrelevant, benign or positive, and stressful) |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluates our perceived ability to cope with harm, threat, or challenge. we are asking ourselves, what can i do, how likely is it tha ti can use one of my options successfully, will the option reduce my stress? |
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Term
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Definition
| making a new primary or secondary appraisal resulting from changes in the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to deal with stressful events. it's a dynamic process that is fine-tuned over time. entails only managing the situation, we need not overcome or control it |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to tackle the problem head on. doing something directly about the problem at hand |
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Term
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Definition
| dealing with one's feelings about the stressful event. doesnt necessarily eliminate the problem, the purpse may be to help oneself deal with situations that are difficult or impossible to tackle head on. |
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Term
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Definition
| synovial fluid depleted, which lubricates the surfaces between and increases blood flow to the joints. movement also keeps muscles tonedand limber. |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas produces insufficient insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure in abdomen exceeds ability to resist urine flow |
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Term
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Definition
| people feel urge but cant get up quick enough.. after CVA or urinary tract infection |
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Term
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Definition
| improper contraction of kidneys causing the bladder to beomce overdistended |
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Term
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Definition
| urinary tract is intact but because of physical disability or cognitive impairment the person is unaware of the need to urinate |
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Term
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Definition
| cause by medication side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| person learns to control and change body processes responsible for pain |
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Term
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Definition
| effects of chronic conditions on people's ability to engage in activities that are necessary, expected, and personally desired in their society |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which average age when one becomes disabled for first time is postponed, causing time between onset of disability and death to be compressed into a shorter period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| those who have physical disabilities who are very ill, and may have cognitive or psychological disorders and need assistance with daily living tasks |
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Term
| activities of daily living |
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Definition
| basic self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, or dressing |
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Term
| instrumental activities of daily living |
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Definition
| actions that entail some intellectual competnce and planning (shopping for personal items, paying bills, making phone alls, taking meds appropriately, keeping appts.) |
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Term
| causes of functional limitations and disability in older adults |
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Definition
| smoking, heavy drinking, physical inactivity, depression, social isolation, fair or poor perceived health |
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