Term
|
Definition
| bones within the limbs of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| bones making up the core of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| right has 3 leaflets (tricuspid) left has 2 (bicuspid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Superficial to Deep: Fibrous Layer, Parietal Pericardium, Pericardial Cavity, Visceral Pericardium, Myocardium (muscle), Endocardium |
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Term
|
Definition
| SA node (atria contract/P wave), AV node (PR interval), Bundle of His (Ventricles Contract), Perkinje Fibers (QRS complex), Repolarization of Ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
| Separates the left and right sides of the heart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tunica Adventita (Externa), Tunica Media, Connective Tissue, Tunica Intima (Interna) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tunica Adventita (Externa), External Elastic Lamina, Tunica Media,Internal Elastic Lamina, Tunica Intima (Interna) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tunica Adventita (Externa), Tunica Media, Circular Internal Elastic Fibers, Basement Membrane, Endothelium |
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Term
|
Definition
| Basement Membrane, Endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior neck in groove between larynx and sternocleidomastoid muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lateral forearm near distal head of radius |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles |
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Term
| Transitional/Respiratory Zone |
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Definition
| Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar Sacs |
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Term
|
Definition
| External Intercostals, Diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Internal Intercostals, (forced=rectus abdominus, external/internal obliques, transverse abdominus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Parietal Pleura, Pleural space, Visceral Pleura |
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Term
|
Definition
| Suture (Skull), Syndesmosis (membrane between bone), Gomphosis (Tooth socket) |
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Term
| Characteristics of Muscle |
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Definition
| Irritablity (responds to hormones/nervous system), contractility, extensibility, elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| Epimysium, perimysium (around each fascicle), endomysium (around muscle fibers) |
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Term
| Three Muscle Contractions |
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Definition
| Twitch (single breif muscle contraction), Summation (add'l twitch: increase in force), Tetanus (Max force motor unit can develop) |
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Term
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Definition
| A single somatic motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers innervated by it. |
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Term
| Type I muscle characteristics |
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Definition
| More mitochondria than Type II, low glycogen stores, Small motor neuron, slow conduction, small fiber, high energy efficiency, low elasticity |
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Term
| Health related components of Fitness |
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Definition
| Cardiorespiratory Endurance, body composition, muscluar strength, muscular endurance, flexibility |
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Term
|
Definition
| Agility, coordination, balance, power, speed |
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Term
| Exercise Related Cardiac Events |
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Definition
| Raised cardiac contractions, cracking of atherosclerosis plaque, platelets and thrombosis in exercising individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Risk of Martality during Max Test |
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Definition
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Term
| Minimizing Risk of Cardiac Events during Testing |
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Definition
| Men over 45 or Women over 55= med clearance, med supervision on site, emergency plan=CPR, crash cart, EMT |
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Term
| Provisions for minimizing risk during testing |
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Definition
| reasonable ex. duration/intensity/wu/cd, minimize personal competition, be viligant during post-exercise when cardiac risk is high, dont exercise in extreme cold/heat w/o proper clothing |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of force/torque; causes of motion |
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Term
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Definition
| description of motion; why? prevent injury, assess normal gait pattern, technique of athletes etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of motion and causes of motion of living things and the application of mechanical principles |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnitude, Direction, line of action and point of application |
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Term
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Definition
| rotating effect of force (N*m) force x distance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Force per unit area of mass |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stiff material with high force and little deformation |
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Term
|
Definition
| material with low force and high deformation |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures force and torque |
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Term
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Definition
| Body's resistance to change |
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Term
|
Definition
| normal reaction force x coefficient of static friction |
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Term
|
Definition
| between two joints (sliding/rolling etc) |
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Term
| Force/velocity relationship |
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Definition
| magnitude of force = rate of length change/ muscle velocity |
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Term
|
Definition
| location of theoretical point that can be used ot prepresent the totl weight(mass) of an object |
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Term
|
Definition
| The area of the supporting surface of an object |
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Term
|
Definition
| time between ground contact of right heel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| plantar flexion, inversion, adduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| eversion, dorsiflexion, abduction |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Increases 4x with exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat usage is more prevalent at 60% and above of maximal aerobic capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| ADP + CP = ATP + C (creatine Kinase enzyme used) less than 5 sec.; anaerobic |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycogen-> Pyruvate/lactate -> 2-3 ATP (glucose or glycogen respectively) 5-30 sec ; anaerobic |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Krebs cylce-> ETC (acetyl CoA-> citric acid->Krebs cycle (H+-> energy)-> 38/39 ATP (glucose or glycogen respectively) 30+ seconds; Aerobic |
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Term
|
Definition
| fatty acids-> beta-oxidation-> acetyl CoA (16 C fatty acid= 129 ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden rise in blood lactate = recruitment of Type II muscle fiers |
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Term
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Definition
| 3.5 mL/kg*min OR 1.2 kcal/min for 70 kg person |
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Term
|
Definition
| raised HR = raised diastole (filling time) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood ejected/heart beat; greater during eccentric than concentric; EDV-ESV |
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Term
|
Definition
SV * HR @ rest= 5 L/min; max- 20 L/min
At rest, 15-20% CO= skeletal Muscle; exercise=85-90% skeletal muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| systolic/diastolic (120/80 normal) systolic raises 8-12 mmHg/MET; Diastolic stays same |
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Term
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Definition
| highest rate of O2 use during max physical exertion; HR * SV * (a-v O2) |
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Term
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Definition
| may be due to damage to z-disks |
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Term
| Central v Peripheral Fatigue |
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Definition
| caused by neurons v independent of neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Heat lost through conduction (metal chair), convection (mvmt of air over skin), radiation (sun), evaporation. convection is the main avenue of heat loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatigue, weakness, blurred vision, dizziness, headache, high pulse, sweating, low BP, insecure gait, pale, collapse; Treatment: lie flat, drink water, loosen clothing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chills, restlessness, irritability, red, euphoria, shivering, disorientation, erratic, collapse, unconsciousness Treatment: immediate aggressive cooling, transport to hospital |
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Term
|
Definition
| when lactate levels rapidly rise |
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Term
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Definition
| calculation to determine VO2 based on inhaling/exhaling air |
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Term
| Cardiorespiratory Response |
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Definition
| affected by SV, CO, Peak HR |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6 L/min at rest, raises 15-25x at peak exercise |
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Term
|
Definition
| progressive raise in HR with lowering SV and MAP during exercise |
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Term
|
Definition
| HR, contractility, systolic pressure, ventricular volume, wall thickness |
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Term
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Definition
| a-v difference(hematocrit, arterial O2, saturation), coronary blood flow (arterial pressure/resistance). |
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Term
|
Definition
| raised sweat rate, onset time, less sodium loss, less cv strain, lower core temp as you acclimate |
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Term
|
Definition
| family MI/sudden death male 55- or female 65-; cigs; hypertension (greater than 140/90); hypercholesterolemia (total over 200, HDL under 40 or LDL above 130); impaired fasting glucose (greater than 100); obesity (waist over 35inW or 40inM); sedentary life |
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Term
|
Definition
| chest/neck pain, shortness of reath at mild exertion, dizziness, black out, orthopnea (discomfort breathing while lying down, ankle edema, palpitations, intermittent claudication (lack of circulation in limbs), known heart murmer |
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Term
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Definition
| study of distribution/determinants of disease/injury |
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Term
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Definition
| people who exercise more better than people who stop; though ppl who stop are still better than ppl who never did. |
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Term
| subjective assessment of phys. activity |
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Definition
| inexpensive, easy, many data, few questions, inaccurate, fails to capture all types of activity |
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Term
| Objective assessment of phys. activity |
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Definition
| no recall error, small, unobtrusive, specific activity not assessed, more expensive |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| total time * intensity (METS)= energy expended (MET hr/wk) |
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Term
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Definition
| energy expended * body mass= energy expended (kcal/wk) |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease fat intake, increase fruits/ veggies/whole grains |
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Term
| Order of Events First Meeting |
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Definition
| assess; exchange contact info; provide intro packet/schedule meeting |
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Term
|
Definition
| Risk classification; health history eval; med clearance |
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Term
| Client Fitness assessment |
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Definition
| HR, BP, Body Comp, Muscle fitness, flexibility, cardiovascular (1 mile test), BMI (weight/height^2), waist to hip ratio (bad= higher than .95M or .86W) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Not doing what you should; can cause liability issues, even with consent form |
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Term
| procedural Order for New Client |
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Definition
| PAR-Q, waiver of liability, cardiovascular risk assessment, resting measures (HR, BP), body comp, cardiorespiratory tests, muscular tests, flexibility tests |
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Term
|
Definition
| Recency, appropriateness, motivation, primary, 2-way communication, feedback, active learning, multiple sense learning, exercise |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acheivable goals, intelligent plan, client learning style, effective assessment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Define, Discover, Dream, Design, Deliver |
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Term
| Motivational Interviewing |
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Definition
| Let client identify for herself what she wants to change; no confrontation |
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Term
| the 5 A's Behavior Change Model |
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Definition
| Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist, Arrange |
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Term
|
Definition
| view of oneself as a person |
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Term
|
Definition
| view of worthiness/percieved capabilities |
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Term
|
Definition
| percieved ability to achieve goals, effectiveness |
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Term
| Behavioral processes to change |
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Definition
| committment, reminders, social support |
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Term
| Cognitive processes to change |
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Definition
| aware of risk, gain knowledge, comprehend benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on percieved cost v. benefit ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| Personal: family history, current fitness level, past experience; Behavioral: enjoyment, intensity, attainment of benefits; Environmental: safe, partner, scenery |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior inflenuced by reciprocal determninsm; outcome expectations; self regulatory strategies-how to mobilize in face of barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| actions of health determined by perception of threat; percieves risk, knows its serious enough to warrant action, benefits to action, not insurrmountale barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrapersonal: demographics, personal barriers, cognitive perception; Intrapersonal: living area, friends; Physical Environment:+ and - (hills, sidewalk, traffic etc) |
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Term
| Theory of Planned Behavior |
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Definition
| Attitude, Subjective Norm, Percieved bahavior control->intention->change |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent boredom, injury, burnout, create social network, plan for relapse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| failure to perform expected duties |
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Term
|
Definition
| breach of professional duty |
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Term
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Definition
| relieves responsibility from trainer |
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Term
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Definition
| how job will be acheived, how to refer patients |
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Term
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Definition
| body volume, hydrodensitometry, ct, MRI, electrical resistance |
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Term
|
Definition
| skinfolds, bioelectrical impedance |
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Term
|
Definition
| measuring body with physical techniques |
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Term
|
Definition
| +- 5%; not accurate in muscular individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| assumes subcutaneous fat is equal to total body fat; abs, triceps, biceps, chest, medial calf, midaxillary, subscapular, suprailliac, thigh (know how and where) |
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Term
| Function of pleural space |
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Definition
| negative pressure, airtight, prevents lungs from collapse |
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Term
|
Definition
| atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, whole body |
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Term
| property based method of body comp |
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Definition
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|
Term
| component based methods of body comp |
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Definition
| skinfold, BMI, waist to hip ratio, hydrodensitometry, bioelectrical impedance, near infrared interactance, air displacement, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, isotopic dilution, dual xray absorpitometry |
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Term
|
Definition
| 10-22%=good, 12-22%-athletic, recommended for age less than 34-20-35%, 35-55=23-38%, 56 older = 25-38% |
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Term
|
Definition
| minimal=5%, athletic=5-13%, age less than 34=8-22%, 35-55=10-25%, 55 older=10-25% |
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Term
| Coronary Heart Disease deaths |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| lack of blood flow to the heart; s/s-chest pain, lack of breath, burning |
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Term
|
Definition
| one or both ventricles cannot fully fill or eject blood; s/s-dyspnea, fatigue, exercise intolerance, fluid retention |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by hemmorhage or obstruction; s/s-hemiplegia (loss of sensation in one side), vertigo, memory loss, problems with speech; 87% are ischemic (shortage of blood supply to tissues) |
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Term
| transient ischemic attack |
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Definition
| signs and symptoms of a stroke for less than 24 hrs. 'phantom stroke' |
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Term
| Peripheral Artery Disease |
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Definition
| inhibited blood flow to noncoronary arterial beds |
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Term
| Intermittent Claudication |
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Definition
| leg pain predictably following exercise and is relieved by rest |
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Term
|
Definition
| high airway resistance; chronic, dynamic (stimuli allergies) |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
Definition
| any obstruct of airflow, not modifiable |
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Term
|
Definition
| cough with spitum for over 3 months, in 2 consecutive years |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory cells activated (mast cells) and release chemical mediators (leukotrienes); better in moist/warm environments |
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Term
| Absolute Contraindications |
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Definition
| recent significant ECG changes, unstable angina, aortic stenosis, uncontrolled heart failure, acute plmonary infarction, acute systemic infection |
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Term
| Relative Contraindication |
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Definition
| tachy/bradycardia, electrolight abnormalities, left coronary stenosis, BP above 200/110, A/V block, neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, rheumatoid disorder, ventricular aneurism, uncontrolled metabolic disease, mental/physical impairment |
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Term
| Order of workout machines |
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Definition
| Treadmill>Bike>Arm Ergometer>Seated Step |
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Term
|
Definition
| VO2max test with increasing incline, most common in the US, time efficient, good for patient with high cardiovascular capacity |
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Term
| Indications to terminate exercise test |
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Definition
| low systolic bp by 10, moderate to severe angina, dizziness or syncope, technical difficulties, patient wants to stop |
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Term
|
Definition
| low systolic a little, arhythmia, fatigue, leg cramps, wheezing, chest pain, hypertensive response |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exercise tests must have sensitivity (how often will test identify sickness~70%) and specificity (how often will test identify health~80%) |
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Term
|
Definition
| didnt reach ischemic threshold, insufficient leads, technical error, failure to recognize non EKG symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| certain drugs, Cardiac hypertrophy, hypokalmia, mitral valve prolapse, coronary spasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| how accurately does a test identify disease |
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|
Term
| Positive Graded Exercise Test |
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Definition
| Peak exercise HR less than 85% age predicted max, abnormal HR/recovery, BP-greater than 250 or less than 140/greater than 115, angina (1-4 scale, 3 or 4) |
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Term
|
Definition
| WU (less than 40% max), conditioning 20-60 mins (77-90%), CD (less than 40% max), Flexibility |
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|
Term
| Cardiorespiratory Endurance |
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Definition
| Ability to perform large muscle, repetitive, moderate to high intensity exercise for extended time |
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Term
|
Definition
| improve joint ROM and function, decrease injury, prevent ischemia, raise muscle performance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Heart Rate Reserve= (MaxHR-RestHR).6+RestHR=TargetHR @ 60% |
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|
Term
| Resistance Training Principles |
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Definition
| Specificity, overload, progression |
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Term
|
Definition
| MET * 3.5 * body weight (kg) = calorie/min |
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Term
|
Definition
| Avoid Hypotension, dizziness, dissipate body heat, promote lactate removal |
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|
Term
| Intensity recommended Cardio |
|
Definition
| 55-90% MHR or about 40-85% VO2max |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| revolutions per min-> meters per minute |
|
Definition
| arm erg (*2.4) leg erg (*6) erg (*3) |
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|
Term
| METS->Relative VO2->absolute VO2->absolute VO2 (L/min)->kcal/min->lb of fat |
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Definition
| *3.5; * BW kg; / 1000; * 5; /3500 |
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|
Term
| Fastest growing age category |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after age 25, decreases 5-155 every decade |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strenuous exercise in children |
|
Definition
| predisposes them to epiphysitis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases ROM, flexibilty and balance but not muscle hypertrophy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| same amount of sweat glands, but children produce less than adults |
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|
Term
| Older v Younger adults walking |
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Definition
| older adults walk 20% slower than younger adults would prefer |
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Term
|
Definition
| assures that there is a good-faith effort to educate those using the facility |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lean tissue mass, residual volume in lungs, estimates of air in GI tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excess glucose; symptoms include increased thirst/need to urinate |
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Term
|
Definition
| low blood sugar; symptoms include confusion, dizziness, shakiness, Hunger, irritability, pale skin, sweating, anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low blood pressure; dizziness, blurry vision, confusion, weakness, fatigue, nausea |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| common: epinephrine, oxygen, lidocaine, amiodarone, atropine |
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Term
|
Definition
| dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, angina |
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