Term
| What are the 3 Muscle Types |
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Definition
Smooth - Found in walls of blood vessels and lymphatic cells.
Skeletal Muscle - Effects skeletal movement and maintains posture. Anchored by tendons
Cardiac Muscle - Involuntary muscle and found only in the heart. |
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Term
| What does tropomyosin do? |
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Definition
| Blocks the active sites of troponin on the actin, where myosin heads attach. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of an isometric contraction? |
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Definition
| Joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction. Static position |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of an isotonic contraction? |
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Definition
| Tension remains unchanged but the muscles length changes. |
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Term
| What are the two types of isotonic contractions? |
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Definition
Concentric - Decreases the joint angle. Muscle tension increases to exceed and overcome the resistance placed against it
Eccentric - Increases the joint angle. Muscle lengthens due to a force greater than the muscle can resist. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of an isokinetic contraction? |
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Definition
| The muscle contraction velocity remains constant while force is allowed to vary. (Rare) |
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Term
| Describe Type 1 muscle fibers. |
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Definition
| Slow twitch. Dense with capillaries and rich in mitochondria and myoglobin. Carries more oxygen and sustains aerobic activity. Contract for long periods of time but with little force. |
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Term
| Describe type 2 muscle fibers. |
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Definition
| Fast twitch. Contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly. Sustain short, anaerobic bursts of activity. |
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Term
| Name 3 sub-types and characteristics of Type 2 muscle fibers |
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Definition
IIa - Contract moderately fast. Used for long term anaerobic. <30 minutes.
IIx - Contract fast. Used for short term anaerobic. < 5 minutes
IIb - Contract very fast. Used for short term anaerobic. <1 minute |
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Term
| What is the Golgi tendon organ? |
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Definition
| A proprioceptive sensory receptor organ located on the origin and insertion of skeletal muscle. It controls muscle contraction. |
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Term
| What is the myotatic stretch reflex? |
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Definition
| A muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. |
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Term
| What are the 3 planes of motion and what motion occurs in each. |
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Definition
Sagittal plane - divides into left and right sides. Flexion and extension
Frontal plane - divides body in anterior/posterior. Abduction and adduction.
Transverse plane - Divides body into superior and inferior parts. internal and external rotation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The joint angle decreasing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The joint angle increasing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Draws a limb away from the sagittal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| Brings a limb closer to the sagittal plane. |
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Term
| Phosphocreatine is the main source of energy for activity lasting how long? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 methods to resynthesize ATP |
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Definition
The phosphocreatine system.
The lactic acid system.
The aerobic system. |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of the Aerobic system |
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Definition
1st stage. Glycolysis - Yields 2 net ATP. Takes place in cytoplasm. Produces 2 pyruvate molecules
2nd stage. The Krebs Cycle - Uses 2 pyruvate molecules, which are converted to Acetyl CoA.
3rd stage. Electron transport chain aka: Oxidative phosphorylation - Produces a total of 34 ATP. Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The volume of blood pumped from each ventricle with one beat. |
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Term
| What is cardiac output and how is it measured? |
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Definition
The volume of blood being pumped by the left or right ventricle in one minute.
Q (cardiac output) = stroke volume x heart rate. |
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Term
| What is cardiac output and how is it measured? |
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Definition
The volume of blood being pumped by the left or right ventricle in one minute.
Q (cardiac output) = stroke volume x heart rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood pressure above 140/90 |
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Term
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Definition
| Delayed on-set muscle soreness. Pain and stiffness felt generally between 24-72 hours after exercise. |
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Term
| How do you calculate BMI? |
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Definition
| Weight in pounds divided by height in inches SQUARED. X's 703 |
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Term
| How do you calculate maximum heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you calculate the Karvonen formula? |
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Definition
| 220-age (max heart rate). Minus resting heart rate. X's target zone. plus resting heart rate. |
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Term
| What is abdominal obesity measured as based on waist to hip ratio? |
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Definition
| A ratio above 0.90 for Men. A ration above 0.85 for women. |
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Term
| How is lean body mass calculated? |
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Definition
| By subtracting fat weight by total body weight. |
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Term
| What is the Devine formula for ideal body weight? |
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Definition
For men: 50kg + 2.3kg per inch for 5 feet.
For women: 45.5kg + 2.3kg per inch over 5 feet. |
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Term
| What is a MET? and how is it measured. |
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Definition
| A MET is the energy cost of physical activity. 1 met is equal to 3.5ml of O2 per kg per min. Values range from .9 (sleeping) to 23 (sprinting) |
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Term
| How do you calculate Heart Rate Reserve |
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Definition
| Heart rate max - resting heart rate |
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