Term
AKA Middle Ear Muscle Reflexes:
-The ___ muscle contributes to the response
-The tensor tympani ___ ___ typically contribute
to the response in humans
-Middle ear system becomes stiff with ___ sound
-Used to ___-___ behavioral results
-And in conjunction with other tests to differentiate
middle ear, cochlear, retrocochlear, and
non-auditory sites of lesion |
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Definition
| stapedius; does not; loud; cross-check |
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Term
2 Middle Ear Muscles:
-___ ___ muscle-innervated by cranial nerve 5
-___ muscle-innervated by cranial nerve 7 |
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Definition
| Tensor tympani; Stapedius |
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Term
Stapedius Muscle:
-Stapedius muscle located on the ___ ___,
or small bony protrusion on the posterior wall of the middle ear
-The tendon stretches anteriorly from the body of the
muscle to the posterior neck of the ___ |
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Definition
| pyramidal eminence; stapes |
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Term
| What is a bilateral response? |
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Definition
| You get a response in both ears |
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Term
4 overlapping pathways
○ Ipsilateral for each side
-Ipsilateral ear canal, middle ear, cochlea, 8th
nerve, ventral cochlear nucleus, medial superior
olivary complex, motor nucleus of 7th nerve
○ Contralateral for each side
-Ipsilateral (to stimulus) ear canal, middle ear,
cochlea, 8th nerve, ventral cochlear nucleus, contralateral medial superior olivary complex, contralateral motor nucleus of 7th nerve |
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Definition
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Term
Functional Significance Theories
○ Acoustic reflex ___ the amount of sound
pressure that reaches the cochlea and may
provide some ___ from high-level sounds
-However, reflex is not fast enough, and reflex may
___ or/and thresholds may ___ for long-duration sound
○ Provides an advantage for understanding speech
in noise because lower frequencies are
___ compared to higher frequencies |
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Definition
| reduces; protection; fatigue; increase; attenuated |
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Term
○ Acoustic reflex threshold and acoustic reflex
decay tests in combination with our other test
results can help determine ___ of ___
○ Helps differentiate between...?
○ Additional ___-___ with audiogram
○ ___ ___ assessment to verify function of device and set maximum levels |
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Definition
| site of lesion; Middle ear, Cochlear, Retrocochlear; cross-check; Cochlear implant |
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Term
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Definition
puretone that is presented
continuously to the ear in which the response
is to be measured (currently use 226 Hz at 85
dB SPL/70 dB HL 6 months and older) |
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Term
| Define stimulus/activator tone |
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Definition
| tone or noise used to induce the acoustic reflex |
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Term
○ ___ of the 226 Hz tone is continuously monitored (ease with which acoustic energy is admitted to middle ear as estimated by the lateral place of the TM)
○ Activator presented, ___ muscle contracts stiffening the ossicular chain at the TM |
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Definition
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Term
Methodolgy
○ Should be measured at pressure of tympanometric ___
○ Measuring admittance decrease by a
___ amount (amount may be different
for different equipment) |
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Definition
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Term
Measurement
○ Measurement in all 4 conditions is needed in order
to evaluate underling ___
○ Contralateral
-Sensitive to ___-___ pathology
-Less susceptible to ___ because probe tone
and activator tone in separate ears
-More ___ data available
○ Ipsilateral
-Sensitive to ___ ___ effects
-___ of use in difficult to test patients |
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Definition
| pathologies; mid-brainstem; artifact; normative; middle ear; Ease |
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Term
Measurements
○ All 4 measurements combined
-Information about the ___, cranial nerve ___, cranial nerve ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Threshold
○ Admittance change is ___ or ___ mmhos for
most equipment
○ Time locked with activator onset
○ Not associated with patient
___/___/___
○ Growth in response with increase in ___
level (do not exceed 105 dB HL) |
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Definition
| 0.02 or 0.03; movement/swallowing/breathing; activator |
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Term
Normative Data
○ Should be present ___ to ___ dB SL (sensation
level) for ears with normal hearing
○ Typically thresholds are slightly lower for the
___ condition and for ___ noise
as activator |
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Definition
| 70 to 90; ipsilateral; broadband |
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Term
Other Factors
○ Age
-Threshold increases for BBN beginning around
age __ years, and for tone activators about age __ years
-___ probe tone frequencies increase the
likelihood of obtaining in young infants
○ Pharmacological
-___, barbituates, ___ drugs may
cause elevated or absent reflexes |
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Definition
| 44; 50; Higher; Alcohol; antipsychotic |
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Term
| When you put a loud sound in the ear for 10 second and you look at the contraction of the stapedius muscle; if you have a healthy stapedius muscle then the muscle should contract for the full 10 seconds |
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Definition
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Term
Acoustic Reflex Decay
○ ___ pathology associated with an inability to maintain contraction of the stapedius muscle
○ Used when retrocochlear pathology suspected
-Asymmetrical ___ ___
-Asymmetrical ___ ___ ___
-Poorer ___ ___ scores than expected
-___ tinnitus |
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Definition
| Retrocochlear; puretone thresholds; word recognition scores; word recognition; Unilateral |
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Term
Disorders
○ Hearing loss of cochlear origin
-Reflexes present less than or equal to __ dB HL
for 500, 1000, 2000 Hz for levels of hearing less than or equal to ___ dB HL
○ Facial nerve paralysis – ___ effect
○ Conductive hearing loss – ___ effect
○ Retrocochlear and brainstem disorders
-Threshold ___ normal level for hearing sensitivity |
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Definition
| 95; 60; probe; probe; exceeds |
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Term
Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder
○ Form of hearing impairment in which neural
___ in the peripheral auditory system
is impaired and for which there is often normal
cochlear ___ ___ cell function and present otoacoustic emissions
○ Reflex thresholds are ___ or ___ |
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Definition
| transmission; outer hair; elevated or absent |
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Term
Superior Canal Dehiscence
○ Symptoms of ___, oscillopsia, ___ in response to sound or changes in ear pressure
○ May experience elevated air thresholds with enhanced bone conduction thresholds (resulting in an ___-___ ___)
○ Presence of normal reflexes helps determine that this is not a true ___ hearing loss |
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Definition
| vertigo; disequilibrium; air-bone gap; conductive |
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