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Acid/Base, water, & electrolyte ppt
BIO 202
54
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
07/14/2012

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Term
what are the 5 routes of water loss?
Definition
Urine, feces, expired air, sweat, cutaneous transpiration.

Respiratory loss-cold dry air and heavy work
perspiration loss-with hot air and humid air or heavy work
Term
what are the Obligatory water loss methods?
Definition
Breath, cutaneous transpiration, sweat, feces, minimum urine output
Term
Dehydration, what does it cause?
Definition
Blood volume and pressure decrease
Blood osmolarity increase
Term
Thirst Mechanisms; what stimulates thirst mechanisms? what are the effects of ADH and aldosterone ?
Definition
Thirst center-hypothalamus

AT2-produced in response to low BP

ADH-produced in response to high blood pressure- what it does is more NA K pumps

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors-signal in response to increase ECF osmolarity

Sympathetic signals inhibit saliva
Term
what are short term and long term mechanisms of thirst that produces satiety?
Definition
short term:(what makes you feel a little less thirsty)
30-45 min, cooling and condensing of mouth, distension of stomach and large intestine.

Long term inhibition of thirst:
Rehydration of blood Decreases osmolarity, stops osmoreceptors response to increase capillary filtration and increase saliva

Osmotic pressure and hypothalamus is what determines thirst!!!! not stomach
Term
how does Aldosteron regulate NA reabsorption?
Definition
Aldosterone makes you save NA and you save water.
Term
What are the functions of ADH?
Definition
1.Changes concentration of urine.
2.ADH secretion & thrist center stimulated by hypo osmoreceptors in response to dehydration.

Adh causes your body to make more water channels that bring more water into your body. It does not affect NA it just causes you to retain water.

Aquaporins are water poring channels they are involved in stuff like edema, brain injuries, finding ways to block edema.

How does ADH work?- SLows decrease in water volume and increase osmolarity of urine.
Term
what is Hypovolemia-volume depletion and dehydration?
Definition
Hypovolemia-lossing water and solutes due to burn, injury, diarrhea, vomiting. Osmotic pressure stays the same.

Dehydration-
Total body water decreases, osmolarity rises.
e.g. drinking only water that does not contain electrolytes during hiking. Drinking water will only put in H2O but not solutes.

Infant more at risk bc high metabolism, pee more, greater ratio of body surface to mass etc

Most serous effects-circulatory shock, neurological dysfunction, infant mortality
Term
Water and fluid balance
how does Perspiration negatively impact fluid balance?
Definition
1.profuse sweating
2.produced by capillary filtration (taking water out of your cells 65% of h20 is in your cells)
3.Blood volume and pressure drop, osmolariy rises
4.Blood absorbs tissue fluid to replace loss
5.Fluid pulled from ICF to tissues to accommodate for lost water
Term
what happens when you drink too much water?

what is ISOTONIC and HYPOTONIC?
Definition
Both NA and Water retained, ECF ISOTONIC
eg.
-aldosterone hypersecretion (retaining too much NA and water)

Hypotonic hydration-
More water than NA retained or ingested-ECF hypotonic-can cause cellular swelling
Hypotonic-if you take in more water without solutes between your ICF and ECF, water goes from ECF into the ICF because your ICF has more solutes in it. water follows solutes.
Most serious effects-pulmonary and cerebral edema
Term
Fluid Sequestration
what are 3 forms of fluid sequestration?
Definition
Excess fluid in a particular location.

Most common-edema

Hematomas-
1.hemorrhage into tissues
2.Blood is lost to circulation

Pleural effustion-several liters of fluid may accumulate in some lung infection
Term
What do Electrolytes do?
Definition
Chemically reactive in metabo
determine cell membrane potentials
affect osmolarity of body fluids
affects body's H20 content and distribution
Term
Mother fucking sodium Functions?
Definition
Membrane potential
90-95% osmolarity of ECF
exchanges intra NA for extra K
creates gradient ofr cotransport like glucose
generates heat
accounts for 40% of the ATP the body burns at rest.

NaHCO3 has major role in buffering pH
Term
What is hypernatremia and hypokalemia and how does it effect Aldosterone?
Definition
Save salt

increases # of Na and K pumps on membrane of renail tubules.

Hypernatremia-too much sodium In body-inhibits aldosterone b/c if you already have a lot of NA you don't want to save more NA.
Hypokalemia- too little potassium-if aldosterone is excreted you will looses even more potassium through NA K pump. Aldosterone is inhibited here as well.


SIde note-anything that affects NA will affect K the opposite direction.
Term
What does ADH do and how does it affect NA?
Definition
Doesnt affect salt but effects water. If you have too much NA in your blood you will retain water in order to fix your osmotic pressure.

You have to retain water to delute NA decrease NA concentration down.

Kidneys reabsorb more water w/0 retaining more NA
Term
How does ANP work? where is it secreted from?
Definition
Atrial natriuretic peptide
from stretched atria

You always have to pee-you excrete NA. Water goes with NA therefore, lowering BP/volume
Term
What does Estrogen do?
Definition
Mimics the effects of aldosterone that is why pepes get swollen

progesterone has a diuretic effects.
Term
What is Hypernatremia and what does it do?
Definition
from IV saline. Put them on saline drip and don't do it right.

Water retention-water follows solutes-
hypertension higher stroke volume
edema
Term
What is Hyponatremia and what does it do?
Definition
not enough Na in blood.

results from excess body water, quickly corrected by excretion for excretion of excess water.

Exertional hyponatremia-water and salts lost in sweat are replaced by pure water and you don't have enough salt. when you drink water you go to further hypon- you need electrolytes.

you feel like throwing up.
Term
Functions of Potassium?
Definition
Most abundant in ICF
Shafer mines largest potassium mine.
90% of K in glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the PCT.
DCT and cortical portion of collecting duct secrete K in response to blood levels.

Aldosterone stimulates renal secretion of K (save sodium but excrete K)
Term
Postassium Imbalances
Definition
Most dangerous
Term
What is Hyperkalemia and what does it do to your muscles?
Definition
-Too much K in blood.
-Rapid onset=Nerve and Muscle cells abnormally excitable.
-Slow onset=nerve and muscle cells become less excitable.

Either nerves and muscles too excitable or not excitable.

Crush injuries cells burst open and K spills out.
Term
What is Hypokalemia and how does it effect you?
Definition
Not enough K,
Happens from sweating, chronic vomiting or diarrhea.
Loss of K

nerve and muscle cells less excitable
-muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, less relexes arrthymais

nerve muscles cells less excitable.
Term
what are the functions of Chloride?
Definition
Major role in Regulating Ph
chloride shift
HCL
most abundant anion in ECF
Homeostasis achieved as an effect of NA homeostasis
Term
Hyperchloremia results in what?
Definition
Result of dietary excess or IV saline
leads to acidosis
Term
Hypocholermia results in what?
Definition
result of hyponatremia
leaks to alkalosis
Primary effect is Ph imbalance for both cholorie imbalaneces
Term
Calcium Function?
Definition
skeletal mineralization
muscle contration
second messenger
exocytosis
blood clotting
Term
Calcium and PTH, Calcitrol, and Calcitonin what do these do?
Definition
PTH-raises blood ca by stimulating bone resorption by osteoclasts (takes ca out of your bone and puts it in blood)

calcitrol-a form of vitamine D
raises ca by stimulating bone resorption by osetoclasts and by enchancing ca absorption in small intestine

Calcitonin-lowers ca by stimulating bone deposition by osteoblasts (puts calcium in your blood?)
Term
what are the causes and consequences of Hypercalcemia?
Definition
causes; hyperparathyroidism, hypothroidsm
conseq; decreased membrane NA permability, inhibits depolarization

muscular weakness, depressed reflexes, cardiac arrhythmias
Term
what are the causes and concequences of hypocalcemia?
Definition
Causes; decreased vitamine D, diarrhea, pergo, lactation, hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism
COnceq; increased membrane NA permeability, causing nervous & muscular systems to be abnormally excitable.
very low levels result in tetanus, larynospasm, death.

Muscle's contract but dont relax.
Term
Phosphate functions?
Definition
concentrated in ICF as-PO4 3-, HPO4 2-, & H2PO4-
-activates metabolic pathways by phosphorylating enzymes
Major buffer in ICF
Term
Phosphate homestasis
Definition
Renal control-if plasma concentration drops, renal tubules reabsorb all filtered phosphate

-parathyroid hormone- increase excretion of PO
-Imbalances not as bad as others electrolytes, body can tolerate broad variations in concentration of phosphate
Term
Acid-Base challenges are?
Definition
Challenges to body are
1.latic acid
2.phosporic acids
3.fatty acids
4.Ketone bodies
5.carbonic acids

Acids-low numbers, strong acids ionize freely and markedly lower ph
-weak acids ionize only slightly
Term
Base ionize____? and weak bases ionize?
Definition
strong bases ionize freely, Raise pH
weak bases ionize only slightly
Term
Buffers functions?
Definition
convert strong acids or bases to weak ones.

Physiological and chemical buffer systems.
Term
physiological buffer
Definition
Urinary system and respiratory
urinary is slow but strong
respiratory is fast but weak
Term
Chemical buffer
Definition
restore normal ph super fast
Bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein systems bing Hydrogen and transport it to exit through kidney or lung
Term
bicarbonate system
Definition
solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions-reation works both ways

reversible reaction important-when it goes to the right -> it lowers Ph by releasing Hydrogen.
when it goes to the left <- it raises PH by binding to Hydrogen
Term
buffer function with respiratory and urinary systems
Definition
urinary-to lower pH, kidneys excrete HCO3

Respiratory-to raise PH, kidneys excrete hydrogen and lungs excrete CO2
Term
Phosphate buffer sytem
Definition
h2po4 <->hpo4 2- + H <-> po4 3- + 2H

as in the bicarbonate system, reations that proceed to the right release H and decrease ph, & reations that proceed to the left increase Ph
Term
Phospate is important to ICF & renal tubules
Definition
phosphates are more concentrated & function closer to their optimum pH of 6.8

constant production of metabolic acids creats pH value of 4.5-7.4 in the ICF

avg 7.0
Term
Protein buffer system
Definition
more concentrated than bicarbonate or PO systems especially in the ICF

acidic side group can release H

amino side group can bind to H
Term
Respiratory Control Of Ph
Definition
neutralizes 2-3 x as much acid as chemical buffers

collaberates w/ bicarbonate system
reaction to the -> lowers pH by releasing H

CO2 expired <- (reaction to left)
-raises pH by binding to H

increase Co2 and decrease pH stimulate pulmonary ventilation.

Increased pH inhibits pulmonary ventilation.


Too acidic-you hyperventilate to blow off co2

alkalosis slow breathing

CO2 is the main factor of pH
Term
Renal control of pH (urinary)
Definition
most powerful but slow
renal tubules secret H into tubular fluid, then excreted in urine
Term
Acidosis & hyperkalemia
Definition
acidosis
-H diffuses into cells & and drives out K, elevating K concentration in ECF
-H buffered by protein in ICF, causes membrane hyperpolarization, nerve & muscle cells are hard to stimulate
-cns depression may lead to death

affects of hydrogen on potassium-it raises threshold on membrane potential
Term
Alkalosis & hypokalemia
Definition
Alkalosis-
H diffues out of the cells and K diffuses in
membrane depolarized, nerve overstimulate muscles.
spasms, tetany, convulsions, respiratory paralysis
Term
Symptoms of acidosis vs. alkalosis
Definition
Acidosis;
cns depression
sluggish reflexes
confusion
coma death

alkalosis;
hyperexcitability of neuromusc syst
muscle spasms
m-tetany
convulsions
paralysis of respiratory muscles
death
Term
causes of Acidosis and alkalosis
Definition
acidosis;
too much acid in
not enough out
not enough base in
not enough base out

alkalosis;
too much base in
not enough base out
not enough acid in
too much acid out


not all of these are equally likely in the human body
Term
Causes of resp-acidosis
Definition
COPD-you dont exchange enough co2 & it builds up inside your body.

Pulmonary edema-pneumonia or left side CHF bc everything back up in tissues.

Airway obstruction-asthma or cystic fibrosis.

depression or injury to brainstem respiratory centers.
-narcotic overdose
-stroke, tumors, trauma or brainstem
Term
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
Definition
anything that causes hyperventilation
-pain, anxiety, panic attacks, brainstem injury, ventilaror settings, hypoxemia
Term
causes of metabolic acidosis
Definition
aspirin overdose
too much H ingested or produced
excessive alcohol intake
increase ketone production
diabetic ketoacidosis
starvation
lactic acid production
very strenous excercise
acute MI w/ heart failure

others;
too much HCO3 lost to diarrhea, laxatives, colostomy or ileostomy

not enough HCOw3 made
renal disease

not enough H is secreted
renal disease
Term
causes of metabolic alkalosis
Definition
too much HCO3 is ingested
-antiacids
-Na bicarbonate products

too much H lost
-chronic emesis
-gastric suctioning
rare
Term
compensation for pH imbalances
Definition
respiratory system adjust ventilation fast but limited
-hypercapnia-(increased c02) sto,i;ates pulmonary ventilation
-hypocapina reduces it
Term
renal componsation of pH imbalances
Definition
slow but powerful
-effective for imbalances of a few days or longer
-acidosis causes increase in H secretion
-alkalosis causes bicarbonate secretion
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