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acid base abnormalities
.
8
Medical
Undergraduate 4
05/16/2017

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Cards

Term
causes of metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

mneumonic GRADA
Definition
GI losses eg diarrhoea or fistula
renal tubular acidosis
Addisons disease
Drugs e.g acetazolamide
Ammonium chloride injection
Term
causes of metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

KULA
Definition
Ketones: DKA, alcohol
Urate: renal failure
Lactate: shock, hypoxia
Acid poisoning: salicylates, methanol
Term
Metabolic alkalosis causes?
this is due to loss of H+ or gain of bicarbonate
usually due to problem at kidney or GI tract

mneumonic: PBC! VD! congenital hyper lipidemia.. and now metabolic alkalosis you gotta be kidding me!
Definition
vomiting
diuretics
liquorice
hypokalemia
primary hyperaldosteronism
Cushings
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Bartter's syndrome
Term
subacute thyroiditis is associated with increased or reduce iodine uptake on scan?
Definition
Decreased iodine uptake on scan
Term
which of the following steroids has the least amount of mineralocorticoid activity?

fludrocortisone
hydrocorticose
dexamethasone
prednisolone
cortisone
Definition
Dexamethasone. this is important because in some situations you need to give a steroid with high glucocorticoid activity (anti inflammatory effect) with minimal mineralocorticoid (fluid retention) effects. a good example is using dexamethasone in raised ICP in people with brain tumours/mets
Term
MEN 1 3P's
MEN 2 TPA

what are these
Definition
MEN I parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas
MEN II thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
Term
in working out anion gap what are cations and what are anions
Definition
sodium and potassium are cations
chloride and bicarbonate are anions

the sum of cations is normally greater than that of anions by 14
Term
what is the normal range for the anion gap?
Definition
8-16 when not including K in the equation.

when you include K+ in the equation the anion gap is less 10-20

work out by K+ and Na+ - Cl and bicarbonate
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