H+ affect functioning protiens

if pH changes --> change protien's function

Nervous system and cardiovasular system most sensitive 

Arterial blood- 7.4

Venous blood & interstial fluid- 7.35

Intercellular fluid- 7.0 

Goes from liquid to gas easily

H2CO3--> H2O + CO2 

stay in blood, remove by kidney

Dietary- citric, acetic

Metabolic- sulfuric, phosphoric, ketone bodies, lactic acid

system of 1 or 2 molecules that prevent big change in H+ when strong acids/bases are add to the system

A temp storage of H+

Uses weak acids and bases 

H2CO3 and NaHCO3

Combine with strong acids and bases to make weak acids and bases so that H+ or OH- is bound up and doesn't change the pH

Increased removal of CO2 from body = Decrease of CO2 in body

Reaction shifts to the left

Decrease in H+/increase in pH

Respiratory alkalosis 

Decreased removal of CO2

Reaction shift to right

Increased H+/decreased pH

Respiratory acidosis 

too much CO2 lost from the body

Fixed by rebreathing

caused by hyperventilation, high altitude, pregnancy, nervousness

Increased pH, decrease PCO2, no change in HCO3- 

Too much CO2 in the body

Causes by hypoventilation, emphysema, pneumonia, cystic fibrousis, CNS injury, alcohol, barbituates, CHF

decreased pH, increased PCO2, no change to HCO3-

Increase CO2 in blood stimulates chemoreceptors in the aortic arch & corotid artery,

they stimulate receptor centers in the medulla,

that increases the # of AP's along phrenic/intercostal nerves, these stimulate increased rate & depth of breathing, which increases CO2 removal

Reaction shifts left, H+decrease and pH increases

there is negative feedback to chemoreceptors 

Change the rate of H+ and HCO3- secretion and absorbtion

H+ is secreted into the tubular fluid along the PCT, DCT, and CD

Higher levels of CO2 increase the rate of H+ secretion, H+ dissociate from H2CO3 in tubule cells

For each H+ secreted one Na+ is reabsorbed

Tubule cells impermiable to HCO3-, they make new HCO3- in the tubule cells that is returned to the blood

Slowest but longest lasting 

pH < 7.35

causes kidney failure, increase metabolic acids, diarrhea, too much alcohal 

decrease pH, decreased HCO3-, no change in PCO2 

pH> 7.45

Causes vomitting, constipation, diuretics, excess HCO3- ingested

increased pH, increased HCO3-, no change in PCO2