Term
| 1. pH is equal to -log of what? |
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Definition
| hydrogen ion concentration [H+] |
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Term
| 2. If something is acidic, will it have a high or low pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. If something is alkaline, will it have a high or low pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. If the hydrogen ion concentration is high, will it have a high or low pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. If the hydrogen ion concentration is low, will it have a high or low pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. What is the range of the pH scale? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 8. What is the average pH of arteriole blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. What blunts (dampens) changes in pH in the body (tries to keep pH from changing)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. What two organs regulate pH in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. Are pH buffers intracellular, extracellular, or both? |
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Definition
| both inside and outside cells |
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Term
| 12. What type of buffering system occurrs through plasma proteins and hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. What are the three types of buffering systems? |
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Definition
| protein buffer system / phosphate buffer system / carbon dioxide-bicarbonate buffer system |
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Term
| 14. In the protein buffer system, what happens when pH gets too low? |
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Definition
| plasma proteins bind to H+ (removing them from fluid) |
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Term
| 15. In the protein buffer system, what happens when pH starts to get too high? |
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Definition
| plasma proteins release H+ (putting them back into fluid) |
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Term
| 16. What type of buffering system has a minor role in the blood and a much bigger role intracellularly? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. What is the equation (X <--> Y + Z) for the phosphate buffer system? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. What do the equations (X <--> Y + Z) in these buffering systems strive for? |
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Definition
| equilibrium (equal amounts on both sides of arrow) |
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Term
| 19. If extra material is added to the right side of the equation (X <--> Y + Z), what will happen? |
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Definition
| the equation will shift to the left (make more of what is on the left) |
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Term
| 20. If material on the right is removed and now you have less on the right side of the equation (X <--> Y + Z), what will happen? |
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Definition
| the equation will shift to the right (make more of what is on the right) |
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Term
| 21. In the phosphate buffer system, what will happen if pH starts to get too low (too much H+)? |
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Definition
| excess H+ combines with H2PO4- to make more H3PO4 (shift to left) |
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Term
| 22. In the phosphate buffer system, what will happen if pH starts to get too high (not enough H+)? |
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Definition
| H3PO4 will break down to release more H+ (shift to right) |
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Term
| 23. What type of buffering system is the strongest buffer system? |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffer system |
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Term
| 24. What is the equation for the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffer system? |
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Definition
| CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3- |
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Term
| 25. Is H2CO3 very stable, or does it dissociate quickly? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. What happens in the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffer system when pH gets too low? |
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Definition
| excess H+ combines with HCO3- which will lead to an increase in CO2 (shift to left) |
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Term
| 27. What happens in the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffer system when pH gets too high? |
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Definition
| CO2 in body will combine with water which will lead to the breakdown of H2CO3 to release more H+ (shift to right) |
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Term
| 28. What will take over when the buffer systems get overwhelmed and cannot control the problem? |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. Which organ that regulates pH is not very powerful but responds quickly? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. Which organ that regulates pH is powerful but takes days to correct problem? |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. After buffer systems fail to maintain pH, what is the first response? |
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Definition
| lungs (respiratory compensation) |
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Term
| 32. When there is a change in pH, what is the second response? |
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Definition
| kidneys (metabolic compensation) |
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Term
| 33. What will the lungs do to compensate for a decrease in pH? |
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Definition
| increase ventilation to get rid of excess CO2 produced from the left shift of the equilibrium equation (because of excess H+) |
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Term
| 34. What will the lungs do to compensate for an increase in pH? |
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Definition
| decrease ventilation (keep CO2, so + H2O, equation shifts to right, get more H+) |
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Term
| 35. What will the kidneys do to compensate for acidosis (low pH)? |
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Definition
| increase secretion of H+ / increase reabsorption of HCO3- (want to keep HCO3- so will combine with H+ to remove H+ from blood) |
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Term
| 36. What will the kidneys do to compensate for alkalosis (high pH)? |
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Definition
| decrease secretion of H+ / decrease reabsorption of HCO3- (want to keep H+ in blood) |
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Term
| 37. Is our blood normally slightly acidic or slightly alkaline? |
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Definition
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Term
| 38. What is the normal concentration of HCO3- in our blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. What is the normal partial pressure of CO2 in our blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. What is the ratio derived from the Henderson-Hasselbach equation that helps estimate pH? |
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Definition
[HCO3-] / [dissolved CO2]
dissolved CO2 = solubility coefficient for CO2 * PCO2 = 0.03 * PCO2 |
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Term
| 41. If the ratio ([HCO3-]/[dissolved CO2]) is equal to 20, what will the pH be? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. If the ratio ([HCO3-]/[dissolved CO2]) is less than 20, will you have an acidic or alkaline pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. If the ratio ([HCO3-]/[dissolved CO2]) is greater than 20, will you have an acidic or alkaline pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. Is the acid-base disturbance respiratory or metabolic if the problem involves CO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. Is the acid-base disturbance respiratory or metabolic if the problem involves HCO3-? |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. If you increase PCO2 above normal range, would you have acidosis or alkalosis? |
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Definition
| acidosis (making denominator larger decreases pH) |
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Term
| 47. If you increase HCO3- above normal range, would you have acidosis or alkalosis? |
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Definition
| alkalosis (making numerator larger increases pH) |
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Term
| 48. What acid-base disturbance is due to increased CO2 in arteriole blood (high PCO2)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. What acid-base disturbance is due to decreased CO2 in arteriole blood (low PCO2)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. What acid-base disturbance is due to decreased HCO3- in arteriole blood (low HCO3-)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. What acid-base disturbance is due to increased HCO3- in arteriole blood (high HCO3-)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. What acid-base disturbance is caused by hypoventilation (poor gas exchange in lungs, pulmonary diseases- bronchitis, fibrotic lung disease)? |
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Definition
| respiratory acidosis (hypoventilation increases CO2) |
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Term
| 53. What acid-base disturbance would someone have if they overdosed on barbituates? |
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Definition
| respiratory acidosis (barbituates decrease respiratory rate - increases CO2 left in body) |
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Term
| 54. What acid-base disturbance is caused by hyperventilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. Would hyperthyroidism, anxiety, and ACUTE aspirin toxicity cause hyperventilation or hypoventilation? |
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Definition
| hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis) |
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Term
| 56. What acid-base disturbance is caused by kidney disease, diarrhea, or CHRONIC aspirin toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| 57. What acid-base disturbance is caused by diuretics or overdose on alkaline drugs (like Tums)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. Would gastric vomiting cause metabolic acidosis or alkalosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. Would duodenal vomiting cause metabolic acidosis or alkalosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. What type of problem would lead to respiratory compensation? |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. What type of problem would lead to metabolic compensation? |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. Can the lungs completely compensate for a metabolic disturbance? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. How do the lungs compensate for metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
| increase ventilation to get rid of CO2 so the equation will shift to left (decrease H+) |
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Term
| 64. How do the lungs compensate for metabolic alkalosis? |
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Definition
| decrease ventilation (keep CO2 so equation will shift to right to increase H+) |
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Term
| 65. Can the kidneys completely compensate for a respiratory disturbance? |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. How do the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis? |
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Definition
| increase secretion of H+ and increase reabsorption of HCO3- |
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Term
| 67. How do the kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis? |
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Definition
| decrease secretion of H+ and decrease reabsorption of HCO3- |
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