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| The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; usually expressed in liters of blood per minute. |
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| The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle during one heartbeat. |
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| The percentage of the total volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during he systolic contraction of the heart. |
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| The amount of oxygen taken from the hemoglobin molecule and used in exercising muscle cells; often referred to as the arteriovenous oxygen difference or a vO2 diff. |
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Term
| adenosine triposphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| A high-energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function. Produced both aerobically and anaerobically, and stored in the body. |
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| The metabolic pathway that, in the presence of oxygen, uses glucose for energy production; also known as aerobic glycolysis. |
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| The metobolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requiring oxygen. Sometimes referred to as the lactic acid system or anaerobic glucose system, it produces lactic acid as a by-product. |
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Term
| creatine phosphate system |
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Definition
| System of transfer of chemical energy for resynthesis of ATP supplied rapidly and without oxygen from the breakdown of creatine phosphate (CP); also called ATP-CP system. |
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| Specialized subcellular structures located within body cells that contain oxidative enzymes needed by the cell to metabolize foodstuffs into energy sources. |
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| A local deficiency of blood supply caused by the constriction or obstruction of the arteries, which results in a decreased supply of oxygen to the tissues. |
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| Pain originating from the heart that is characterized by a substantial "pressure" sensation within the chest, commonly radiating down the arm, up into the jaw, or to another site. Generally caused by decreased blood flow through the coronary arteries supplying oxygen to the myocardium (heart muscle) due to the partial occlusion from plaque or clot formation or spasm of the artery itself. Often aggravated or induced by exercise or stress (emotional or environmental); also called angina pectoris. |
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| The point during high-intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates; also called lactate threshold. |
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| The storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles. |
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Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP), two high-energy phosphate molecules that can be broken down for immediate use by the cells. |
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Definition
| The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius; also called calorie. |
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Definition
| A greater-than-normal rate of breathing that results in an abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood; dizziness may occur. |
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| Proteins necessary to bring about biochemical reactions. |
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Term
| maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) |
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Definition
| The highest volume of oxygen a person can consume during exercise; maximum aerobic capacity. |
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Term
| metabolic equivalent (MET) |
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Definition
| A simplified system for classifying physical activities where one MET is equal to the resting oxygen consumption, which is approximately 3.5 milliliters of oxygen per kilogran of body weight per minute (3.5 mL/kg/min). |
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Definition
| Narrowing of the opening of blood vessels caused by contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the vessel. |
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| The pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contractions. |
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| The pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls when the heart relaxes between contractions. |
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Definition
| A principal of human performance that states that beneficial adaptations occur in response to demands applied to the body at levels beyond a certain threshold (overload), but within the limits of tolerance and safety. |
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Definition
| Return to the heart of the circulatory fluids by the way of the veins. |
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Definition
| A key concept of periodization that states that for an individual to become proficient at any given movement, that movement must be trained and practiced; a specific demang (e.g. exercise) made on the body will result in a specific response by the body. |
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Definition
| Nerve cells that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery signaling muscles to contract or relax, regulating muscular movement. |
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Definition
| Chemical substances such as acetylcholine or dopamine that transmit nerve impulses across synapses. |
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Definition
| A white crytalline neurotransmitter and derivative of choline that is released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body. |
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Definition
| The site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber; the junction between a nerver fiber and the muscle it supplies. |
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Definition
| Contractile protein in a muscle fiber. |
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| Contractile protein in a myofibril. |
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Definition
| Contractile protein in a myofibril. |
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Definition
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| Repeating unit of a muscle fiber. |
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| The membrane surrounding the sarcomere, which is the functional unit of muscle fiber. |
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Definition
| A gelatin-like tissue surrounding the sarcomere, which is the functional unit of muscle fiber. |
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Definition
| The form of endoplasmic reticulum where calcium is stored to be used for muscle activiation; located in striated muscle fibers. |
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Definition
| A generally accepted theory explaining the interaction between actin and myosin proteins and ATP to cause muscle contraction. |
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| A contraction in which a muscle exerts force, shortens, and overcomes a resistance. |
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Definition
| A contraction in which a muscle exerts force, lengthens, and is overcome by resistance. |
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Definition
| A contraction in which a muscle exerts force but does not change in length. |
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Definition
| A motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it stimulates. |
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Definition
| An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle response to progressive resistance (Strength) training. |
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Definition
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| GTO - A sensory organ within a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force. |
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| A condition of having a less than optimal level of body water. |
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Definition
| Temporary or recoverable elongation of connective tissue. |
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Definition
| The sensory organ within a musclethat is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle from being stretched too far. |
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