Term
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Definition
| Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body; opposite of adduction |
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Term
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Definition
| A scraping away of a portion of the skin or muscous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby the body physiologically adapts to an unfamiliar environment, and achieves a new steady state. For example, the body can adjust to a high altitude or a hot climate and gain an increased capacity to work in those conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractile protein in a myofibril |
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Term
| Active (dynamic) stretching |
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Definition
| A stretching of muscle and tissue that requires muscle contraaction through a range of motion. No outside force is involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Performing stretching exercises or working other body parts to facilitate recover after intense exercise to allow for more productive use of exercise time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Description of a condition that usually has a rapid onset and a relatively short and severe course; opposite of chronic |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body; opposite of abduction |
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Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| A high energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function. Produced both aerobically and anaerobically, and stored in the body. |
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Term
| Aerobic Composite Training |
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Definition
| An individualized combination of numerous training methods characterized by a variety of intensities and modes, primarily for those in the maintenance phase of conditioning. Example: jog 15 minutes to a pool, swim for 20 minutes and jog home (see also cross training) |
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Term
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Definition
| The metabolic pathway that, in the presence of oxygen, uses glucose for energy production; also known as aerobic glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| The absence of menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogen- containing compounds that are the building blocks of proteins |
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Term
| Anabolic androgenic steroids |
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Definition
| synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. Used for their muscle building characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| The metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requiring oxygen. Sometimes referred to as the lactic acid system or the anaeroic glucose system, it produces lactic acid as a by-product |
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Term
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Definition
| The point during high-intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates. Also called lactate threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by a reduction below normal of the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain originated from the heart that is characterized by a substantial pressure sensation in the chest, commonly radiating down the arm, up into the jaw, or to another site. Generally caused by decreased bloody flow through the coronary arteries supplying oxygen to the myocardium (heart muscle) due to the partial occlusion from plaque or clot formation or spasm of the artery itself. Also called angina pectoris. |
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Term
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Definition
| The space just in front of the cubitus (elbow) |
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Term
| Anthropometric assessments |
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Definition
| Measurements and analyssis of parts of the human body. Examples include skinfld, girth and body weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diet designed to minimize atherosclosis, usually one that is low in cholesterol and saturated fat |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that boost the body's defense against excessive numbers of unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals) to prevent them from causing damage. Five nutrients have been identified as having antioxidant properties: beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, sulfur and selenium |
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Term
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Definition
| A white flattened, tendinous expansion that mainly serves to connect a muscle to the parts that it moves |
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Term
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Definition
| Place of union or junction between two or more bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden, thicken and lose elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two (left and right) upper chambers of the heart (pl: atria) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonverbal acknowledgements during conversation to encourage the speaker to continue |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of listening to sounds (though a stethoscope) arising within bodily organs (the heartbeat) |
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Term
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Definition
| An automatic reflex relaxation caused by excessive stimulation of golgi tendon organs (GTOs) |
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Term
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Definition
| A wound involving forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| High impact, rapid, jerking movements |
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Term
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Definition
| A high force, short duration stretch using rapid bouncing movements |
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Term
| Beta blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) |
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Definition
| Medications that block or limit sympathetic nervous system stimulation. They act to slow the heart rate and decrease maximum heart rate, and are used for cadiovascular and other medical conditions |
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Term
| Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) |
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Definition
| A method of determining body composition by measuring the body's resistance to electrical flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slowness of the heartbeat, as evidenced by a pulse rate of less than 60 bpm |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest tubes that supply air to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Painful inflammation of a bursa, occurring most often in the knees, hip, shoulders, and elbows |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius. Also called kilcalorie |
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Term
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Definition
| An essential nutrient that provides energy to the body. Dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grain, rice and beans (complex). 1 gm CHO= 4 kcals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; usually expressed in liters of blood per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| A smooth, semi-opaque material providing a "frictionless" surface of a joint |
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Term
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
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Definition
| Damage to the brain, often resulting in a loss of function from impaired blood supply to part of the brain. More commonly known as a stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| A fat-like substance found in the blood and body tissues and in animal products. Essential for body production of hormones, steroids, and son on. Its accumulation in the arteries leads to narrowing of the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| The active of passive circular movement of a joint. A combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction movements. |
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Term
| Closed chain exercise (CCE) |
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Definition
| Exercises that use the body muscles in a weight bearing position. Co-contractors, postural stabilizers, and the neuromuscular system are all trained at the same time. Examples: squats and lunges |
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Term
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Definition
| The mutual coordination of antagonist muscles (such as flexors and extensors) to maintain a position |
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Term
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Definition
| The main constituent of connective tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Foods that contain all 10 essential amino acids. Most meats and dairy products are considered complete protein foods |
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Term
| Concentric Contraction (action) |
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Definition
| A contraction in which a muscle exerts force, shortens, and overcomes a resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditioning exercise, such as walking, jogging, cycling, or aerobic dancing, in which the prescribed intensity is maintained continuously between 50 percent and 85 percent of maximal oxygen consumption (functional capacity) |
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Term
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
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Definition
| The major form of cardiovasuclar disease; almost always the result of atherosclerosis. Also called coronary heart disease (CHD) |
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Term
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Definition
| A legal entity, independent of its owners and regulated by state laws. Any number of people may own a corporation through shares issued by the business |
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Term
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Definition
| A bluish discoloration, especially of the skin and mucous membranes due to reduced hemoglobin in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of carbohydrate metabolism in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin results in an inability to metabolize carbohydrates normally |
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Term
| Dynamic (isotonic) constant-resistance |
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Definition
| Strength training exercises and/or equipment that provides a constant resistance throughout the movement range |
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Term
| Dynamic (isotonic) variable-resistance |
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Definition
| Strength training exercises and/or equipment that automatically vary the resistance throughout the movement range |
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Term
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Definition
| Shortness of breath, resulting in difficult or labored breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of the total volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during the systolic contraction of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium, potassium, and chlorine, which are present in the body as electrically charged particles called ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chronic lung disease characterized by loss of air sacs resulting in a decreased ability to exchange gases. Cabon dioxide levels are increased and oxygen levels are decreased, causing rapid breathing and dyspnea |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins necessary to bring about biochemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances thought to enhance energy availability or utilization to improve endurance or strength |
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Term
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Definition
| 8-10 of the 20 different amino acids needed to make proteins. Called essential because the must be obtained from the diet, since they cannot be manufactured by the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Far that cannot be produced by the body and must be supplied by the diet. Linoleic acid is the only essential fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having normal menstruation |
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Term
| Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) |
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Definition
| Increased oxygen requirement about RMR following a bout of exercise. Historically referred to as oxygen debt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of training similar to interval training, except work-rest intervals are determined by how the participant feels |
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Term
| Fast-twitch (type II)fiber |
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Definition
| Large muscle fiber characterized by its fast speed of of contraction and a high capacity for anaerobic glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| An essential nutrient that provides energy, energy storage, and insulation and contour to the body. 1 g fat= 9 kcal |
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Term
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Definition
| That part of the body composition that represents everything but fat-blood, bones, connective tissue, organs and muscle; lean body mass |
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Term
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Definition
| Able to be dissolved in fat. Relating to vitamins, those that are stored in the body far, principally in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| An imaginary Longitudinal section that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum physical performance represented by maximal oxygen consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| The storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| A sensory organ within a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force |
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Term
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Definition
| High-density lipoprotein; a lipoprotein that contains more protein than cholesterol. Labeled good cholesterol because it removes excess cholesterol from the body |
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Term
| Heart rate (maximum) reserve |
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Definition
| The result of subtracting the resting heart rate from the maximal heart rate; represent the working heart-rate range between rest and maximal heart rate within all activity occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| A mild form of heat-related illness that generally occurs during or after strenuous physical activity and is characterized by painful muscle spasms |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat illness from fluid and electrolyte loss. A drop in blood pressure, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, decreased coordination, and syncope |
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Term
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Definition
| A protrusion of the abdominal contents into the groin (inguinal hernai) or through the abdominal wall (abdominal hernia) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to excrete excessive calcium in the urine. Usually caused by leaching of calcium from the bones |
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Term
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Definition
| An excess of cholesterol in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency of potassium in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of activity or energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction of space for the supraspinatus muscle, and/or long head of the biceps tendon, to pass under the anterior edge of the acromion and coracoacromial ligament. Attributed to muscle hypertrophy and inflammation caused by microtraumas |
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Term
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Definition
| Foods that contain less than nine-10 essential amino acids |
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Term
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) |
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Definition
| Form of diabetes caused by the destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A local deficiency of blood supply caused by the constriction of obstruction of the arteries, which results in a decreased supply of oxygen to the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Exercises or equipment that provide a fixed speed of movement and vary the resistive force according to the muscle force |
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Term
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Definition
| The mathematical formula that uses maximum heart-rate reserve to determine target heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Five different sounds created by the pulsing of the blood through the brachial artery. Proper distinction of the sounds is necessary to determine blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| A waste product of anaerobic energy production known to cause localized muscle fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who consumes milk and eggs, but not meat, poultry, or fish |
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Term
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Definition
| The force acting on a body in a given direction is equal to the body's mass multiplied by the body's acceleration in that direction. F=ma |
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Term
| Law of impact and reaction forces |
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Definition
| The earth exerts a force against the that is equal to the force applied to the earth as one moves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low density lipoprotein; a lipoprotein that contains more cholesterol than protein. Labaled bad because it deposits cholesterol on the artery walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed support (fulcrum) in response to an applied force. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vehicle that transports fat throughout the body; made up of protein, fat, and cholesterol. |
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Term
| Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) |
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Definition
| The highest volume of oxygen a person can consume during exercise; maximum aerobic capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| A dose of substances that is extremely high compared to the needs of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Cessation of menstruation in the human female, usually between 48-50 years old |
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Term
| Metabolic equivalents (METs) |
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Definition
| A simplified system for classifying physical activities where one MET is equal to the resting oxygen consumption, which is approximately 3.5 milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Inorganic substances needed in the diet in small amounts to help regulate bodily functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized subcellular structures located within body cells that contain oxidative enzymes needed by the cell to metabolize foodstuffs into energy sources |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of unsaturated fat (liquid at room temp) that has one spot available on the fatty acid for the addition of a hydrogen atom. Moderate intake is associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| The disease rate; ratio of sick to healthy people in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| The death rate; ratio of deaths that place to expected death |
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Term
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Definition
| Force that starts or causes a movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Improvement in performance during the initial weeks of strength training due to more efficient motor unit utilization |
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Term
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Definition
| a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it stimulates |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle from being stretched too far |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of a portion of the heart muscle from an interruption of the blood supply. Commonly called a heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractile protein in a muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractile protein in a myofibril |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular reflex created by excessive muscle spindle stimulation to prevent potential tissue damage |
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Term
| Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) |
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Definition
| Most common form of diabetes; typically develops in adulthood, is characterized by a reduced sensitivity of the insulin target cells to available insulin and is usually associated with obesity |
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Term
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Definition
| Quantitative analysis of the amount of nutrients versus the amount of calories in a given food. Nutrient dense foods provide more nutrients than calories |
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Term
| Open chain exercise (OCE) |
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Definition
| Exercises in which a muscle or muscle group is isolated to function alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drop in blood pressure associated with rising to an erect position |
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Term
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Definition
| Degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons; characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage hypertrophy of the bones and change in the synovial membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disorder, primarily affecting women past menopause, in which bone density decreases and susceptibility to fracture increases |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the principles of human performance that states that beneficial adaptations occur in response to demands applied to the body at levels beyond a certain threshold, but within the limits of tolerance and safety |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of hands and/or fingers to detect anatomical structures or an arterial pulse |
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Term
| Peripheral vascular resistance |
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Definition
| Impedance of blood flow in the peripheral blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP and CP, two high-energy phosphate molecules that can be broken down for immediate use by the cells |
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Term
| Plastic or viscous property |
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Definition
| Permanent or nonrecoverable elongation of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of unsaturated fat that has two or more spots on the fatty acid available for hydrogen. |
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Term
| Principle of specificity training |
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Definition
| One of the principles of human performance that states that a specific demand made on the body will result in a specific response by the body |
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Term
| Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) |
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Definition
| A method of promoting the response of neuromuscular mechanisms through the stimulation of proprioceptions in an attempt to gain more stretch in a muscle. Often referred to as a contract/relax method of stretching |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specialized nerve endings in muscles, tendons and joints that are sensitive to changes in tension during activity; gives a body part a sense of where it is in space |
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Term
|
Definition
| An essential nutrient made up of 22 amino acids that builds and repairs body tissues. 1gm=4kcal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Reciprocal innervation (inhibition) |
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Definition
| Reflex coaxing with stretch reflex to inhibit activity of an opposing muscle group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of connective tissues and joints |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical term referring to the imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body or any its parts into right and left sections |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeating unit of a muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids carring the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. These fats are solid at room temperature and are usually of animal origin |
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Term
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Definition
| The weight control theory that states that each person has an established normal body weight. Any deviation from this set point will lead to changes in body metabolism to return to the normal weight |
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Term
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Definition
| A generally accepted theory explaining the interaction between actin and myosin proteins and ATP to cause muscle contraction |
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Term
| Slow twitch (type 1) fiber |
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Definition
| A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forward displacement of one vetebra; usually occurs at the 4th or 5th lumber vertebrae |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dissolution (dissolving into another) of a vertebra; usually begins with a stress fracture |
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Term
|
Definition
| A traumatic joint twist that results in stretching or tearing of the stabilizing connective tissues. Mainly involves ligaments or joint capsule, and causes discoloration, swelling, and pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles that stabilize one joint so a desired movement can be performed in another joint |
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Term
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Definition
| ROM about a joint with little emphasis on speed of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| A low-force, long duration stretch that holds desired muscles at their greatest possible length for 15-30 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| A stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or adjacent tissue such as the fascia or tendon |
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Term
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Definition
| The weakening effet on muscles remaining in the elongated position for an extended period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden and often severe attack due to blockage of an artery into the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle during one heartbeat |
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Term
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Definition
| A partial dislocation of a joint that usually reduces itself |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| A division of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body to cope with some stressor (flight or fight) |
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Term
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Definition
| A transient state of unconsciousness during which a person collapses to the floor as a result of lack of oxygen to the brain. Commonly known as fainting |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscle that assists another muscle in its function |
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Term
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Definition
| A subjective method for measuring exercise intensity using observation of respiration effort and the ability to talk while exercising |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation, development, or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A force causing rotation about a fixed axis of rotation; the act or process of turning around on an axis |
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Term
| Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
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Definition
| Momentary dizziness, loss of consciousness or forgetfulness caused by a short-lived lack of oxygen to the brain. Usually due to a partial blockage of an artery, it is a warning sign for stroke |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anatomical term for the imaginary line that divides the body, or any of its parts, into superior and inferior parts. Also known as the horizontal plane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The storage form of fat consisting of three free fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Narrowing of the opening of blood vessels caused by contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the vessel |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase in diameter of the blood vessels, especially dilation of arterioles leading to increased blood flow to a part of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| Return to the heart of the circulatory fluids by way of the veins |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the two (left and right) lower chambers of the heart. The muscular left ventricle pumps blood to the body; the smaller right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| A combination of elastic and plastic properties found in all connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organic compounds that function as metabolic regulators in the body. Classified as water/fat soluble |
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