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ACCPharmaSpring20_Unit2_Exam
Unit 2 Exam
31
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
02/28/2020

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Bethanechol (Urecholine®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Therapeutic Use

Side Effects

 

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonist (a.k.a. - parasympathomimetic).

 

MOA:

Binds directly to and stimulates the cholinergic receptor (M), and mimics the actions of Ach.

 

Therapeutic Use:

i. Reflux esophagitis

ii. Urinary retention (post operative, post partum)

iii. Post operative ileus

 

Side Effects: 

BBSMUDGE

Term

Neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Therapeutic Use

Side Effects

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonist (a.k.a. - Anticholinesterase)

 

MOA:

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, → accumulation or ↑ of ACh at all cholinergic receptor s, including neuroeffector junction. Indirectly enables ACh to work at the (M) & (NM) sites.

 

Therapeutic Use:

i. Myasthenia gravis

ii. Urinary retention (post partum)

iii. Post operative ileus

iv. Antidote to excessive cholinergic blockade

 

Side Effects:

BBSMUDGE

Term

Atropine (generic tablets and injectable) 

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Anti-Cholinergic Drug (a.k.a. - Parasympatholytics)

 

MOA: 

Binds to the M receptors, without stimulating, and blocks ACh from binding to the receptor (competitive antagonism).

 

Clinical Indications: 

i. Antisecretory effects prior to surgery & in asthma or COPD

ii. Bronchodilating effects in asthma & COPD

iii. Antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity (i.e., organophosphate pesticides, physostigmine)

 

Side Effects:

Tachycardia, Dry Mouth, Blurred vision (mydriasis), Urinary retention, Flushing/redness & dryness of skin, Fever (hyperpyrexia), CNS effects (stimulation, depression, drowsiness)

 

Term

Ipratropium (Atrovent®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Anti-Cholinergic Drug (a.k.a. - Parasympatholytics

 

MOA:

Binds to the M receptors, without stimulating, and blocks ACh from binding to the receptor (competitive antagonism). 

 

Clinical Indications:

• Inhalational drug (e.g., nebulized, metered dose inhaler) in the treatment of asthma & COPD to achieve bronchodilation

 

Side Effects:

Similar to Atropine

 

Other Critical info:

Synthetic analog of atropine that is less irritating to the bronchial smooth muscle

 

 

Term

Isoproterenol (Isuprel®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Direct Acting Beta Adrenergic Agonist (a.k.a. - Sympathomimetics)

 

MOA:

Binds directly to adrenergic receptors (b1 , b2 ) and mimics the actions of norepinephrine or epinephrine. 

 

Clinical Indications:

• Bronchodilation in asthma (b2 )

• In cardiac arrest for emergency stimulation of the heart (b1 ) 

 

Side Effects:

• Hypertensive Crisis (Hypertension, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Arrhythmias)

• Overstimulation of the heart (Palpitations, Arrhythmias)

 

Other Critical info: 

Non-subtype-selective for the b receptors (activates both b1 , b2 )

 

Term

Albuterol (Ventolin®,Proventil®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

 

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Direct Acting Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonist (a.k.a. - Sympathomimetics)

 

MOA:

Binds directly to adrenergic receptors (b2 ) to mimic the actions of norepinephrine or epinephrine.

 

Clinical Indications:

• Bronchospasm & Asthma (b2)

• Premature labor (b2 on uterus smooth muscle) 

 

Side Effects: 

• Hypertensive Crisis (Hypertension, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Arrhythmias)

• Overstimulation of the heart (Palpitations, Arrhythmias)

 

Other Critical info:

b2 selective adrenergic agonist (specific for b2 )

Term

Phenylephrine (NeoSynephrine®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

 

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Direct Acting Alpha-Adrenergic Agonist (a.k.a. - Sympathomimetics) 

 

MOA:

Binds directly to adrenergic receptors (a1 ) to mimic the actions of norepinephrine or epinephrine.

 

Clinical Indications:

• Increase BP (a1 )

• Nasal Decongestant (a1 on vessel smooth muscle) 

 

Side Effects:

• Hypertensive Crisis (Hypertension, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Arrhythmias)

• Overstimulation of the heart (Palpitations, Arrhythmias)

 

Other Critical Info:

a1 selective adrenergic agonist (specific for a1 )

Term

Phentolamine (Regitine®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Alpha-Adrenergic Blocking Drug (a.k.a.- adrenergic antagonist," a blocker")

 

MOA:

Bind to adrenergic receptors (a1 , a2 ), without simulating, and prevents NE and EPI from binding to the receptors (competitive antagonism). 

 

Clinical Indications:

• Pheochromocytoma (both a1 & a2)

 

Side Effects:

• Cardiovascular Effects (Bradycardia, Hypotension with compensatory tachycardia, Orthostatic hypotension, Fainting)

• Nasal Congestion 

 

Other Critical info:

Non-subtype-selective a adrenergic blocker (a1 , a2 )

Term

Doxazosin (Cardura®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

Definition

Drug Class/Category: 

Alpha-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs (a.k.a.- adrenergic antagonist,"a blocker")

 

MOA: 

Bind to adrenergic receptors (a1 ), without simulating, and prevents NE and EPI from binding to the receptors (competitive antagonism).

 

Clinical Indications:  They block a1 

• hypertension (HTN)

• BPH 

 

Side Effects:

• Cardiovascular Effects (Bradycardia, Hypotension with compensatory tachycardia, Orthostatic hypotension, Fainting)

• Nasal Congestion

 

Other Critical info:

selective a1 adrenergic blocker

 

Term

Tamsulosin (Flomax®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Alpha-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs (a.k.a.- adrenergic antagonist,"a blocker")

 

MOA:

Bind to adrenergic receptors (a1A), without simulating, and prevents NE and EPI from binding to the receptor (competitive antagonism).

 

Clinical Indications:  (blocks a1A)

• BPH

 

Side Effects: 

• Potential for Cardiovascular Effects as with Doxazosin and Terazosin, but less risk 

 

Other Critical info:

selective blocker of the a1A subtype found exclusively in bladder smooth muscle)

 

Term

Atenolol (Tenormin®) 

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Beta - Adrenergic Blocking Drugs (a.k.a.- adrenergic antagonist," b blocker")

 

MOA:

Bind to adrenergic receptors (b1 ), without simulating, and prevents NE and EPI from binding to the receptors (competitive antagonism). 

 

Clinical Indications:

•HTN , Angina Pectoris, & CHF (over long term with proper doses)

↓HR -> ↓ HEART OVER WORK 

 

Side Effects:

• Cardiovascular Effects (Hypotension , Bradycardia, CHF & Cardiac Arrest if overdosed)

• Better versus propranolol in NOT CAUSING brochoconstriction due to being “cardioselective” 

 

Other Critical info:

Second Generation b1 selective adrenergic blocker (“Cardioselective b blockers”)

 

Term

Atracurium (Tracrium®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Peripheral Skeletal Muscle Relaxant (a.k.a. – NMJ blocker)

 

MOA:

Direct binding with NM receptor without stimulating the receptor (“occupying”), so ACh cannot bind and stimulate

 

Clinical Indications:

• To relax abdominal or intrathoracic skeletal muscles before surgery (premedication) and during surgery (surgical relaxation)

• Airway management in emergencies

• In ICU setting to ventilate critically ill patients with COPD or bronchospasms

• Diagnostic procedures (e.g., laryngoscopy)

 

Side Effects:

• Paralysis of the respiratory muscles

• Bronchospasm & increased respiratory secretions (histamine related)

 

Other Critical info:

• Non-Depolarizing Peripheral Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

• essentially results in a gradual paralysis 

 

Term

Theophylline (aminophylline, Theo-Dur®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Bronchodilating Agent

 

MOA: 

relaxes the smooth muscle of the bronchioles through its inhibition of phosphodiesterase

 

Clinical Indications: 

•Asthma

•COPD 

 

Side Effects:

• Excessive cardiac and CNS stimulation 

 

Other Critical info:

• Once mainstay in asthma treatment, now largely replaced by b -agonists and corticosteroids

• Narrow Therapeutic Index (Dose must therefore be adjusted carefully)

 

 

Term

Mometasone (Asmanex®, Nasonex®)

 

Drug Class

MOA

Clinical Indications

Side Effects

Other Critical Information

 

Definition

Drug Class/Category:

Corticosteroid Antiinflammatory Agent 

 

MOA:

Prolonged (months) inhalation of corticosteroids interferes with all stages of the inflammatory response (results in ↓ in number of immune cells; in reduced hyper-responsiveness; and inhibited release of mediators)

 

Clinical Indications:

•Asthma

•COPD

 

Other Critical info:

Has no direct dilating effect on the airway smooth muscle

 

 

Term
Sympathetic
Definition
Fight or Flight
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
Restful State
Term

Eyes - Sympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

 

 

 

Definition

alpha 1

pupils dilate (mydriasis)

 

Term

Eyes - Parasympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

Definition

M

pupils constrict (miosis)

Term

Lungs - Sympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

Definition

beta 2

Trachea & bronchioles dilate/relax

 

Think OPEN UP - Max Oxygen

 

Term

Lungs Parasympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

Definition

M

Trachea & Bronchioles constriction; secretions are up; comfortable/restful state

Term

Bladder - Sympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

 

Definition

alpha 1

Bladder sphinter and trigone muscles contract; detruser muscle relaxes

 

 

Term

Bladder - Parasympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

Definition

M

Bladder sphincter & trigone muscles relax; detruser muscle contracts

 

Term

Heart - Sympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

Definition

beta 1

 

Heart rate increases

Force of Contraction (FOC) increases

 

Term

Heart - Parasympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

Definition

M

Heart rate decreases

Force of Contraction Decreases

Term

Intestines - Sympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

Definition

alpha 1

Decreased

GI tone, motility & sphincter contraction

 

 

 

Term

Intestines - Parasympathetic

 

Receptor

Effects

Definition

M

Increased

GI tone, motility & sphincter contraction

Term

Blood Vessels - Sympathetic

 

Receptors

Effects

Definition

alpha 1

vasoconstriction

 

beta 2 

vasodilation

 

BOTH are SYMPATHETIC

 

Term

In Females - Uterus - Sympathetic

 

Receptors

Effects

  

 

 

Definition

alpha 1

uterine muscle constriction

 

beta 2

uterine muscle relaxation

 

BOTH are SYMPATHETIC

(check with Santana)

Term

Cholinergic Drugs

 

Direct Acting (AKA as)

MOA

Drugs

Side Effects

 

Definition

Parasympathomimetics

 

MOA: 

Bind directly to & stimulate M receptors

 

Drugs:

Acetylcholine

Bethanechol

Pilocarpine

 

BBSMUDG

 

Bradycardia & hypotension

Bronchoconstriction

Salivation

Miosis (pupil constriction)

Urinary Urgency

Diaphoresis (sweating)

GI Disturbances (N/V/D)

 

(cholinergic crisis) ?

 

 

Term

Cholinergic Drugs

 

Indirect Acting (AKA)

MOA

Drugs

Side Effects

Definition

Antocholinesterases

 

MOA:

Inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase which allows ACh to accumulate and stimulate M and N receptors.

 

Drugs:

Physostigmine

Neostigmine

 

Side Effects:

BBSMUG (say all)

 

Term

Cholinergic Drugs

 

Anticholinergics (AKA)

MOA

Drugs

Side Effects

Definition

Parasympatholytics

 

MOA:

Competitive Antagonist with ACh for M receptors

 

Drugs:

Atropine

Ipratroprium

Dicyclomine

 

Side Effects:

Caused by excessive blockage of parasympathetic system

Opposite of BBSMUDG (so name them!)

 

Tachycardia

Dry Mouth

Mydriasis (pupils dilate)

Urinary Retention

Flushing/Redness/Dry skin

Fever

CNS effects (stimulation, depression, drowsiness)

 

 

 

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