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Accounting 202
Ch 18-On
175
Accounting
Undergraduate 2
04/18/2013

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Term
Term: Study of how specific costs respond to changes in the level of business activity
Definition
Cost behavior analysis
Term
Term: Identifies the activity that causes changes in the behavior of costs
Definition
Activity index
Term
What are the three categories behavior is classified into?
Definition
Variable
Fixed
Mixed
Term
Term: Costs that vary in total directly and proportionately with changes in the level
Definition
Variable costs
Term
What are some types of variable costs?
Definition
Direct materials
Direct labor
Cost of goods sold
Sales commission
Freight
Gasoline
Term
What type of companies have many variable costs?
Definition
Companies that rely on labor/sell a service
Term
What type of companies have few variable costs?
Definition
Companies with a high proportion of equipment/machinery
Term
Term: Costs that remain the same in total regardless of changes in the activity level
Definition
Fixed costs
Term
True/False: Variable costs usually have linear relationships with the amount sold
Definition
False
Term
Term: Range over which a company expects to operate during the year
Definition
Relevant range
Term
Term: Costs that contain both a variable and fixed element
Definition
Mixed costs
Term
How can a mixed cost be identified?
Definition
Change in total but not proportionately with changes in the activity level
Term
Term: Type of analysis that uses total costs incurred at high and low levels of activity to classify mixed costs into fixed and variable components
Definition
High-low method
Term
Does the high-low method produce a precise amount?
Definition
No, only a reasonable amount
Term
Term: Study of the effects of changes in costs and volume on a company's profits
Definition
Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis
Term
What are the basic components of CVP analysis?
Definition
Volume of level of activity
Unit selling prices
Variable cost per unit
Total fixed costs
Sales mix
CVP assumptions
Term
What are the CVP analysis assumptions?
Definition
-Behavior of costs/revenues linear in RR
-Costs accurately classified fixed or variable
-Changes in activity only factor that affects costs
-All units produced are sold
-Sales mix remains constant if >1 type of product sold
Term
What happens when the CVP analysis assumptions are invalid?
Definition
CVP may be inaccurate
Term
Term: Classifies costs as variable or fixed and computes a contribution margin
Definition
CVP income statement
Term
Term: Amount of revenue remaining after deducting variable costs
Definition
Contribution margin (CM)
Term
How is the contribution margin often stated?
Definition
As a total amount and on a per unit basis
Term
Term: Unit selling price - unit variable costs
Definition
Contribution margin per unit
Term
Term: Contribution margin per unit divided by the unit selling price
Definition
Contribution margin ratio
Term
Term: Level of activity in which total revenues = total cost
Definition
Break-even point
Term
How can the break-even point be found?
Definition
-Computed from equation
-Computed using contribution margin
-Derived from a CVP graph
Term
How can the break-even point be expressed?
Definition
Either in sales units or sales dollars
Term
What does the contribution margin equal at the break-even point?
Definition
Total fixed costs
Term
Fixed costs/Contribution margin per unit=
Definition
Break-even point in units
Term
Fixed costs/contribution margin ratio=
Definition
Break-even point in dollars
Term
Term: Graph that shows the break-even point, costs, volume, and profits
Definition
CVP graph
Term
What is recorded along the horizontal axis of a CVP graph?
Definition
Sales volume
Term
What is recorded along the vertical axis of a CVP graph?
Definition
Total revenues and costs
Term
Term: Indicates sales necessary to achieve a specific level of income
Definition
Target net income
Term
How may required sales be expressed?
Definition
Units or dollars
Term
Term: Difference between actual/expected sales and sales at break-even point
Definition
Margin of safety
Term
How can the margin of safety be expressed?
Definition
-Dollars
-Ratio
Term
Term: Margin of safety in $/actual or expected sales
Definition
Margin of safety ratio
Term
Term: Use of budgets in controlling operations
Definition
Budgetary control
Term
Term: Compare actual results with planned objectives
Definition
Budget report
Term
What is a budget report based on?
Definition
The belief that planned objectives lose much of their potential value without some monitoring of progress along the way
Term
Each part of a master budget is called a ____ _____
Definition
Static budget
Term
Term: Projection of budget data at one level of activity
Definition
Static budget
Term
When is being under and over budget favorable and unfavorable?
Definition
Sales:
Over budget - favorable
Under budget - unfavorable

Costs:
Over budget - unfavorable
Under budget - favorable
Term
When are static budgets appropriate in evaluating a manager's effectiveness in controlling costs?
Definition
-Activity level closely approximates master budget budget activity level
-Behavior of costs in response to changes in activity is fixed
Term
What is the static budget appropriate for?
Definition
-Fixed manufacturing costs
-Fixed selling and administrative expenses
Term
Term: Projects budget data for various levels of activity
Definition
Flexible budgets
Term
What are the four steps in preparing a flexible budget?
Definition
1. Identify activity index and relevant range
2. Identify variable costs and determine budgeted variable cost per unit for each cost
3. Identify fixed costs and determine budgeted amount for each cost
4. Prepare budget for selected increments of activity within relevant range
Term
What are the two sections flexible budget reports consist of?
Definition
-Production data for a selected activity of index
-Cost data for variable and fixed costs
Term
What are the two areas a manager can be evaluated from a flexible budget report?
Definition
-Production control
-Cost control
Term
Term: Top manager's review of a budget report is focused entirely or primarily on differences between actual and planned expenses
Definition
Management by exception
Term
What is the criteria for management by exception?
Definition
-Materiality
-Controlability
Term
Term: % difference from budget
Definition
Materiality
Term
Term: Involves accumulating and reporting costs on the basis of the manager who has the authority to make the day-to-day decisions about the items
Definition
Responsibility accounting
Term
When can responsibility accounting be used?
Definition
When all of the following apply:
-Costs and revenues directly associated with specific level of management responsibility
-Costs and revenues can be controlled by employees at level of responsibility they are associated with
-Budget data can be developed for evaluating a manager's effectiveness in controlling the cost/revenues
Term
Term: Control of operations is delegated to many managers throughout organization
Definition
Decentralization
Term
Term: Area of responsibility in decentralized organization
Definition
Segment
Term
How does reporting costs and revenues under responsibility accounting differ from budgeting?
Definition
-Distinction between controllable and uncontrollable items
-Reports either emphasize or include only items controllable by individual manager
Term
Term: Cost a manager has control over
Definition
Controllable cost
Term
Term: Costs incurred indirectly and allocated to a responsibility level
Definition
Noncontrollable cost
Term
Term: Involves the preparation of a report for each level of responsibility in the company's organization chart
Definition
Responsibility reporting system
Term
What are the three types of responsibility centers?
Definition
Cost center
Profit center
Investment center
Term
Term: Incurs costs and expenses but does not directly generate revenues
Definition
Cost center
Term
What departments are usually cost centers?
Definition
-Production departments
-Service departments
Term
Term: Incurs costs and expenses and also generates revenues
Definition
Profit center
Term
Term: Incurs costs and expenses and generates revenues and has control over decisions regarding assets available for use
Definition
Investment center
Term
Term: [Traceable costs] Relate specifically to one center and are incurred for the sole benefit of that center
Definition
Direct fixed costs
Term
Term: [Common costs]Pertain to a company's overall operating activities and are incurred for the benefit of more than one profit center
Definition
Indirect fixed costs
Term
Term: Excess of contribution margin over controllable fixed costs
Definition
Controllable margin
Term
Are noncontrollable fixed costs reported in the responsibility report?
Definition
No
Term
What is considered to be the best measure of the manager's performance in controlling revenues and costs
Definition
Controllable margin
Term
What are some judgmental factors in ROI?
Definition
-Valuation of operating assets
-Margin (income) measure
Term
What can the valuation of operating assets be valued at?
Definition
-Acquisition
-Book value
-Appraised value
-Market value
Term
How can ROI be increased?
Definition
-Increase controllable margin
-Reducing average operating assets
Term
How can controllable margin be increased?
Definition
-Increasing sales
-Reducing variable and controllable fixed costs
Term
What is the formula for ROI?
Definition
Controllable margin/Average operating assets
Term
Term: Management function that compares actual results with budget goals
Definition
Performance evaluation
Term
What are the behavioral principles?
Definition
-Managers should have direct input into processing of establishing budget goals of their area of responsibility
-Evaluation of performance based entirely on matters controllable by manager being evaluated
-Top management should support evaluation process
-Evaluation process must allow managers to respond to evaluations
-Evaluation should identify both good and poor performance
Term
Where is responsibility accounting especially valuable?
Definition
Decentralized companies
Term
What does financial information relate to?
Definition
Revenues and costs and their effect on a company's overall profitability
Term
What does non-financial information relate to?
Definition
Factors such as effect of decision on employee turnover, the environment, or the overall image of the company
Term
What are the different types of incremental analysis?
Definition
-Accept an order at a special price
-Make or buy
-Sell or process further
-Retain or replace equipment
-Eliminate an unprofitable resource
-Allocate limited resources
Term
When is accepting an order at a special price acceptable?
Definition
-It doesn't go over 100% plant capacity
-Revenue per unit must be greater than variable cost per unit
Term
Term: Potential benefit that may be obtained by following an alternative course of action
Definition
Opportunity cost
Term
Is the book value of the older machine relevant?
Definition
No, it's a sunk cost
Term
What parts of retaining/replacing equipment are irrelevant and relevant?
Definition
Irrelevant - sunk cost
Relevant - Trade-in allowance/cash disposal
Term
Term: Next generation of internet use - more mature, distinctive communication platform characterized by new qualities such as collaboration, sharing, and free
Definition
Web 2.0/Business 2.0
Term
Term: Consists of non-proprietary hardware and software based on publicly known standards that allow third parties to create add-on products to plug into or interoperate with the system
Definition
Open system
Term
Term: Contains instructions written by a programmer specifying the actions to be performed by computer software
Definition
Source code
Term
Term: Only software whose source code is made available free for any third party to review and modify
Definition
Open source
Term
Term: Created and updated by many users for many users
Definition
User-contributed/generated content
Term
Term: One of the most popular forms of user-generated content in which buyers post feedback on sellers
Definition
Reputation system
Term
Term: Set of tools that supports work of teams/groups by facilitating the sharing and flow of information
Definition
Collaboration system
Term
Term: Collaborating and tapping into core knowledge of all employees, partners, and customers
Definition
Collective intelligence
Term
Term: Most common form of collective intelligence which involves capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing information assets to provide context for effective decisions and actions
Definition
Knowledge management (KM)
Term
Term: Supports the capturing, organization, and dissemination of knowledge
Definition
Knowledge management system (KMS)
Term
What are the two categories that intellectual and knowledge-based assets fall into?
Definition
Explicit
Tacit
Term
Term: Anything that can be documented, archived, and codified with the help of IT
Definition
Explicit knowledge
Term
Give an example of explicit knowledge
Definition
Patents
Trademarks
Business plans
Marketing research
Customer lists
Term
Term: Knowledge contained in people's heads
Definition
Tacit knowledge
Term
What is the most common form of common intelligence outside an organization?
Definition
Crowdsourcing
Term
Term: Wisdom of the crowd
Definition
Crowdsourcing
Term
Term: Communication in which message and reply do not occur at the same time
Definition
Asynchronous communication
Term
Term: Communications that occur at the same time
Definition
Synchronous communication
Term
Term: Websites that rely on user participation and user-generated content
Definition
Social media
Term
Term: Application that connects people by matching profile information
Definition
Social network
Term
Term: Practice of expanding your business and/or social contacts by constructing a personal network
Definition
Social networking
Term
Term: Maps group contacts identifying who knows/works with each other
Definition
Social networking analysis (SNA)
Term
Term: Specific keywords or phrases incorporated into website content for means of classification
Definition
Tags
Term
Term: Collaborative activity of making shared online content with keywords or tags to organize it for future navigation
Definition
Social tagging
Term
Term: Similar to taxonomy except that crowdsourcing determines tags
Definition
Folksonomy
Term
Term: Locally stored address or URL of a file or internet page saved as a shortcut
Definition
Website bookmarking
Term
Term: Allows user to share, organize, search, and manage bookmarks
Definition
Social bookmarking
Term
What are the tools of collaborating business 2.0
Definition
Blogs
Wikis
Mashups
Term
Term: Online journal that allows users to post their own comments, graphics, and videos
Definition
Blog/Web log
Term
Term: Practice of sending brief posts (140-200 characters) to a personal blog, either publicly or to a private group of subscribers who can read the posts as IMs or texts
Definition
Microblogging
Term
How can microblogging be accomplished?
Definition
IM
Email
The web
Term
Term: Web format used to publish frequently updated works in a standardized format
Definition
Real simple syndication (RSS)
Term
Term: Type of collaborative website that allows users to add, remove, or change content which can be easily reorganized as required
Definition
Wiki
Term
Term: How products in a network increase in value to users as the number of users increases
Definition
Network effect
Term
Term: Website or web application that uses content from more than one source to create a new product or service
Definition
Mashups
Term
Term: Set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications
Definition
Application programming interface (API)
Term
What is a mashup usually sourced from?
Definition
API
Term
Term: Provide a visual interface to build a mashup
Definition
Mashup editors
Term
What are the challenges of business 2.0?
Definition
-Technology dependence
-Information vandalism
-Violations of copyright and plaigarism
Term
Term: Component of web 3.0 that describes things in a way that computers understand
Definition
Semantic web
Term
Term: Use of strategies and technologies to transform government by improving delivery of services and enhancing quality of interactions between citizen/consumer and all branches of government
Definition
Egovernment
Term
Term: Ability to purchase goods and services through a wireless internet-enabled device
Definition
Mobile business/Ebusiness/Ecommerce
Term
Term: Enable transmission of data over public or private networks
Definition
Telecommunication systems
Term
Term: Communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing protocols so they can work together
Definition
Network
Term
Term: Designed to connect a group of computers in close proximity
Definition
Local area network (LAN)
Term
What is a LAN line useful for?
Definition
Sharing files, printers, games, and apps
Term
Term: Spans a large area and connects multiple smaller networks
Definition
Wide area network (WAN)
Term
Term: Large computer network usually spanning a city
Definition
Metropolitan network (MAN)
Term
How are networks differentiated?
Definition
Architecture
Topology
Protocols
Media
Term
Term: Any network without a central file server that all computers have access to
Definition
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network
Term
Term: Computer designed to request information from server
Definition
Client
Term
Term: Computer designed to provide information in response to external requests
Definition
Server
Term
Term: Model for applications in which the bulk of back-end processing, such as performing a physical search of a database, takes place on a server, while the front-end processes, which include communicating with the users, is handled by the client
Definition
Client-server network
Term
Term: Operating system that runs a network, steering information and managing security and users
Definition
Network operating system (NOS)
Term
Term: Sending computer divides a message into units called packets which contain addresses of destination computer
Definition
Packet switching
Term
Term: Intelligent connecting device that examines each packet of data and decides which way to send to destination
Definition
Router
Term
Term: Geometric arrangement of actual physical organization of the computers in a network
Definition
Network topology
Term
Term: Standard that specifies format of data as well as rules during transmission; language of computers
Definition
Protocol
Term
Term: Capability of two or more computer to share data and resources, even though made by different manufacturers
Definition
Interoperability
Term
What are the most common interoperabilities?
Definition
Ethernet
TCP/IP
Term
Term: Physical and data layer technology for LAN networking
Definition
Ethernet
Term
What are the four characteristics of ethernet?
Definition
Easy
Low-cost
Extensive flexibility
Successful interconnection
Term
What is the most common telecommunication protocol?
Definition
TCP/IP
Term
Term: Provides technical foundation for the public internet as well as for large numbers of private networks
Definition
TCP/IP
Term
What is the key achievement of TCP/IP?
Definition
Flexibility with respect to lower-leveled protocols
Term
Term: Provides transport functions, ensuring among other things that the amount of data received is the same as the amount transmitted
Definition
TCP
Term
Term: Provides the addressing and routing mechanism that acts as a postmaster
Definition
IP
Term
Describe the four-layer reference model?
Definition
-Application layer: Window for users/apps to access network services
-Transport layer: Handles end-to-end packet transportation
-Internet layer: Formats data and packets, adds header containing packet sequence and address of receiving device, species the services required from the network
-Network interface layer: Places data packets on network for transmission
Term
Name and describe the TCP/IP applications?
Definition
-File transfer protocol (FTP): Allows files to be down/uploaded onto network
-Simple mail-transfer protocol (SMTP): TCP/IP's messaging system for email
-Telnet protocol: Provides terminal emulation that allows a pc or workstation to act as a terminal, or access device, for server
-Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP): Allows web browsers and servers to send and receive web pages
-Simple network management protocol (SNMP): Allows management of networked nodes to be managed from a single point
Term
What is the other model aside from the four-layer reference model?
Definition
Seven-layer Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model
Term
What are the seven-layers of the OSI reference model?
Definition
7. Application
-Presentation
-Session
-Transport
-Network
-Data link
1.Physical
Term
What do layers 1-3 of the OSI reference model represent?
Definition
Local communications
Term
What do the upper layers (4-7) of the OSI model represent?
Definition
End-to-end communications
Term
Why didn't OSI replace TCP/IP?
Definition
Too slow and expensive
Term
Term: Various types of media used to carry signal between computers
Definition
Network transmission media
Term
What are the two types of transmission media?
Definition
Wire (guided)
Wireless (unguided)
Term
Term: Transmission material manufactured so signals confine to narrow path and will behave predictably
Definition
Wire media
Term
What are the three most common guided materials?
Definition
Twisted-pair wiring
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
Term
Term: Type of cable composed of four or more copper wires twisted around each other within a plastic sheath
Definition
Twisted-pair wiring
Term
Why is twisted-pair wiring twisted?
Definition
To reduce outside electrical interference
Term
Which transmission media is the most popular and best for LAN?
Definition
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
Term
Term: Cable that carry a wide range of frequencies with low signal loss
Definition
Coaxial cable
Term
Term: Technology associated with transmission of information as light impulses along a glass wire or fiber
Definition
Fiber-optic/Optical fiber
Term
What are the disadvantages of fiber-optic media?
Definition
-More fragile than wire
-Difficult to split
-Labor intensive to install
Term
Term: Natural parts or Earth's environment that can be used as physical paths to carry electrical signals
Definition
Wireless media
Term
Term: Uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines
Definition
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Term
Term: Way to use public telecommunication infrastructure (internet) to provide secure access to an organization's network
Definition
Virtual private network (VPN)
Term
Term: Private network provided by third party for exchanging information through a high-capacity connection
Definition
Value-added network (VAN)
Term
Term: Difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be transmitted on a single medium; measure of medium's capacity
Definition
Bandwidth
Term
Term: High-speed internet connections transmitting data at speeds greater than 200Kbps
Definition
Broadband
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