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Acc. Biology: Cell Function
Simon Kenton
62
Biology
10th Grade
12/05/2011

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Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
Water Fearing
Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
Water Loving
Term
Polar Molecule
Definition

An unequal distribution of charge

Example: Water

Term
Nonpolar Molecule
Definition

An equal distribution of charge

Example: lipid

Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
  • Attraction between opposite charges with H+
  • Is a weak bond
  • Example: water molecules bonded together
Term
Cohesion
Definition
  • Attraction between molecules of the same substance
  • Causes water molecules to pull inward
Term
Adhesion
Definition
  • Attraction between molecules of different substances
  • Causes water to rise in a tube
  • Creates mencius in a cylinder of water
Term
Properties of Water
Definition
  1. Water is a polar molecule
  2. Held together by hydrogen bonds
  3. Resists changes in temperature
  4. Expands with it freezes
  5. Cohesion and Adhesion of molecules
Term
Homeostasis
Definition

Substances are equal inside and outside the cell

Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
  • Regulates what enters and leaves cell
  • Selectively permeable
  • Made of phospholipid bialyer
Term
Selective Permeability
Definition

Cell membrane allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others out

Term
Phospholipid
Definition
  • A phosphate head and a fatty acid tail
  • Fatty acid tails are nonpolar
  • Phosphate head is polar
Term
Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
  • Fluid because the membrane is flexible
  • Mosaic because proteins, carbohydrates, lipids embedded in it
Term
Transport Proteins
Definition
  • Span the entire membrane
  • Allow substances or waste to move through membrane
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
  • No energy required
  • Substances move from high to low concentration
Term
3 Types of Passive Transport
Definition
  1. Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Facilitated Diffusion
Term
Diffusion
Definition
  • Movement of substances from high to low concentration
  • Type of passive transport
  • Substances move down the concentration gradient
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition

Difference in concentration of a substance across space

Term
3 Factors That Affect Diffusion
Definition
  1. Concentration - higher concentration faster diffusion
  2. Temperature - higher temperature faster diffusion
  3. Pressure - increase pressure increase diffusion rate
Term
Osmosis
Definition
  • Diffusion of water from high to low concentration
  • Type of passive transport
Term
3 Types of Solutions Cells Can Be in...
Definition
  1. Isotonic Solution
  2. Hypotonic Solution
  3. Hypertonic Solution
Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition
  • Substances are equal inside and outside the cell
  • Cell is in homeostasis
Term
Hypotonic Solution
Definition
  • The area in the cell where the concentration of substances is lower
  • A cell placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell will swell (cytolysis)
Term
Cytolysis
Definition
Cell swelling
Term
Hypertonic Solution
Definition
  • The area where the concentration of substance is higher
  • If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the cell will shrivel (plasmolysis)
Term
Plasmolysis
Definition
Cell shrinking
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
  • Transport substances across cell membrane through a protein from high to low concentration
  • A type of passive transport
Term
Active Transport
Definition
  • Substances move from low to high concentration
  • Requires energy
  • Against concentration gradient
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
  • A cell surrounds and takes in material (pac-man)
  • Type of active transport
Term
2 Types of Endocytosis
Definition
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
  • Large solid particles taken into the cell
  • A type of endocytosis
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
  • Liquid particles taken into the cell
  • A type of endocytosis
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
  • Substances released from the cell
  • Typs of active transport
Term
Levels of Organization in a Multicellular Organism from smallest to largest...
Definition
  1. Cells
  2. Tissues
  3. Organs
  4. Organ Systems
  5. Organism
Term
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Definition
As cell size increases its volume increases much faster than its surface area
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Long strands of DNA
Term
Chromosome
Definition

A rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecules coils tightly

Term
Unduplicated Single Chromosome
Definition

One molecule of DNA that has coiled up tightly

Term
Single Duplicated Chromosome
Definition
  • Two molecules of DNA but still considered to be 1 chromosome
  • Duplicated during the S phase of cell cycle
  • Looks like an X
Term
Chromatid
Definition
  • One of two copies of each chromosome
  • Only on a duplicated chromosome
Term
Sister Chromatid
Definition
  • Two identical copies of the chromosome
  • Only present in a duplicated chromosome
Term
Centromere
Definition
  • A protein disk that attaches the two chromatids
  • Only present in a duplicated chromosome
Term
Human cells have ____ different chromosome or pairs of chromosomes
Definition
23
Term
Homologous Chromosomes
Definition

A pair of chromosomes that are similar in shape, size and have similar genetic information

Term
Human cells hava a total of ____ chromosomes
Definition
46
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition
  • Sequence of growth and division of a cell
  • Consists of 5 phases: G1, S, G2, M, C
Term
5 Phases of the Cell Cycle
Definition
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
  4. M
  5. C
Term
G1
Definition
  • First phase of the cell cycle
  • Cell grows
  • Makes proteins and organelles
Term
S
Definition
  • Second phase of the cell cycle
  • DNA replicates
Term
G2
Definition
  • Third phase of the cell cycle
  • Grows more
  • Produces proteins needed for mitosis
Term
M
Definition
  • Fourth phase of cell cycle
  • Mitosis occurs
Term
C
Definition
  • Fifth phase of cell cycle
  • Cytokinesis occurs
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition

Cytoplasm divides separating into 2 daughter cells

Term
Daughter Cells
Definition
The two cells created at the end of mitosis that are identical to each other
Term
Interphase
Definition
  • Consists of G1, S, and G2
  • Cell spends most of its life
Term
Mitosis
Definition

The nucleus of a cell is divided into 2 identical nuclei with the same number of chromosomes

Term
4 Phases of Mitosis
Definition
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
Term
Prophase
Definition
  • Chromatin coils into chromosome
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Centrioles form and move to opposite poles
  • Spindle fibers form
Term
Metaphase
Definition
  • Spindle fibers attach to centromere
  • Chromosomes line up in the center of cell
Term
Anaphase
Definition
  • Centromeres split and sister chromatids move to opposite poles
  • Each chromatid is now called a chromosome
Term
Telophase
Definition
  • Chromosomes uncoil
  • Nuclear envelope re-forms
  • Spindle fibers break and disappear
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles
Term
Cyclin
Definition
A protein that regulates the cell cycle
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