substance that shifts the H+/OH- balance against H+

Base

(also known as an alkaline)

when acids and bases mix and form salts

Neutralization

chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases & maintain a relatively stable pH

Buffers

a number that indicates the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a fluid 

pH

a pH of 7.0

indicates

neutrality

pH higher than 7.0

alkalinity

pH less than 7.0

acidity

Normal

arterial blood pH

about 7.45

(more alkaline than venous blood)

Normal

venous blood pH

about 7.35

(more acidic than arterial blood)

mechanisms that control

pH regulation

respiratory system

urinary system

Buffer

substances that prevent a sharp change in the pH of a fluid when an acid or base is added to it

Buffers

"Fixed" acids are buffered mainly by

sodium bicarbonate

normal ratio of amount of sodium bicarbonate to carbonic acid in blood

20:1

(Twenty to one)

respirations remove some carbon dioxide from blood as blood flows through lungs capillaries, in the form of ___________ ______.

carbonic acid

venous blood has a lower pH because of an influx of _________.

carbon dioxide

 Sodium Hydroxide+Carbonic acid combines to

______________+__________

Sodium Bicarbonate and water

The amount of carbonic acid is decreased

and thereby it's hydrogen concentration is decreased,

this in turn __________ blood pH from it's venous

to it's arterial state.

increases

 an enzyme in red blood cells, that assists in the hydration of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid (in the RBC) to be transported to the lungs

carbonic anhydrase

the body's most effective regulator of blood pH

urinary system

Disturbances in acid-base balance depend on relative quantities of _________ and _________ in the blood. 

sodium bicarbonate

and

carbonic acid

the kidneys regulate the blood levels of ___________.

sodium bicarbonate

carbonic acid levels are regulated by ________.

lungs

Metabolic disturbances affect the __________ levels in blood.

sodium bicarbonate

Respiratory disturbances affect the ___________ levels in the blood.

carbonic acid

when there's a sodium bicarbonate deficiency

Metabolic acidosis

when there's an excess of sodium bicarbonate (complication of severe vomiting)

Metabolic alkalosis

carbonic acid excess

respiratory acidosis

carbonic acid deficit

respiratory alkalosis

when the normal ratio (20 to 1) of sodium bicarbonate and carbonic acid is changed

uncompensated metabolic acidosis

substance that shifts the pH in favor of Hydrogen

Acid