Term
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Definition
| persistent, maladptive disruptions in the integration of memory, consciousness, or identity. Verge on the unbelievable. Person may be unable to remember many seemingly familiar details about the past; he or she may wander far from home or perhaps assume a new identity, or even 2 personalities may coexist in the same person |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious recollection of a past event |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in behavior apparently based on a memory of prior event, but with no conscious remembering of the event |
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Term
| Why are recovered memories controversial? |
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Definition
| They are dramatic recollections of long-ago traumatic experiences supposedly blocked from the conscious mind by dissociation |
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Term
| Characteristics of dissociative disorders |
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Definition
| persistent, maladptive disruptions in integration of memory, consciousness, or identity that occur outside of conscious awarness |
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Term
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Definition
| a rare & unusual disorder characterized by sudden, unplanned travel, the inability to remember details about the past, and confusion about identity or assumption of a new identity. It typically follows a traumatic event. Travel is purposeful as well |
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Term
| depersonalization disorder |
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Definition
| a less dramatic form of dissociation whein people feel detached from themselves and their social or physical environment. Sensations as feeling as though you were in a dream or floating about your body and observing yourself act. They are persistent or recurrent, and they cause distress |
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Term
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Definition
| partial or complete loss of recall for particular events or for a period of time. a sudden inability to recall extensive an impt personal info that exceeds normal forgetfulness. |
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Term
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Definition
| results from traumatic stress or emotional distress |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| 2 or mor personalities coexist within a single ind, and one or both of the personalities may be unaware of the existence of the other. also known as multiple personality disorder |
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Term
| Why has there been an increase of DID since 1980? |
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Definition
| It has occurred in conjunction with growing public concern about child sexual abuse, a traumatic experience that has been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of many dissociative disorders |
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Term
| % of population thought to have dissociative disorders? |
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Definition
| over 10% of adult population |
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Term
| wrong misdiagnoses of dissociative disorders |
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Definition
| many ppl diagnosed with schizophrenia, BPD, depression, panic disorder, or substance abuse |
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Term
| existence of DIs outside the US |
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Definition
| rarely diagnosed outside of US & Canada |
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Term
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Definition
| Findings raise caution that the "symptoms" of DID can be induced through role playing and hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| theory and speculation dominate because little systematic research has been done |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple personalities develop in response to trauma, particularly trauma of child abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| a process documented in lab reasearch wherein learning that takes place in one state of affect or consciousness is best recalled within the same state of consciousness |
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Term
| biological factors for DIs |
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Definition
| very little evidence and not much more speculation has been offered. no genetic contribution to dissociative symptoms |
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Term
| most important contributing cause of DIs |
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Definition
| shared family environment |
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Term
| Social factors and "iatrogenesis" |
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Definition
| DIs are often produced by iatrogenesis, whcih is the manufacture of the DDs by their treatment. Many 'cases' were created by the expectations of the therapists |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional reliving of a past traumatic event |
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Term
| What might be an iatrogenic effect of abreaction? |
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Definition
| many skeptics are concerned that hypnosis can exacerbate or even create dissociative symptoms, or false memories of past abuse |
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Term
| primary therapeutic goal in treating DID |
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Definition
| reinforce the different personalities as a whole; not to have only one personality triumph over the others |
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Term
| Overreaching goal of prescribing medications for DID |
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Definition
| to reduce distress, not to cure the disorder |
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Term
| Somatoform Disorders characteristics |
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Definition
| Problems characterized by unusual symptoms that occur in absence of a known physical illness; only in the physical form; there is really nothing physicall wrong with the person (no underlying organic impairment); substantial impairment, particularly a sensory or muscular system; often multiple physical symptoms; preoccupation with a particular body part w/ fears |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms mimic those found in neurological diseases; hysterical blindness or paralysis; they have no anatomic sense; accurately conveys central assumption of diagnosis- the idea that psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a history of multiple, somatic complaints in the absence of organic impairments; patient must complain of at least 8 physical symptoms: pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, double vision, numbness, seizures; histrionic manner (vague, but dramatic, self centered, and seductive); la belle indifference (flippant lack of concern for physical symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a fear or belief that one is suffering from a physical illness; preoccupation with fears of disease extends over long periods of time (at least 6 months); not delusional |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| preoccupied with some imagined defect in appearance; typically a facial preoccupation that may lead to repeated visits to a plastic surgeon; cause significant distress and interfere with work or relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| pretending to have a somatoform disorder in order to achieve some external gain, such as a disability payment; more dramatic symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| motivated primarly by a desire to assume the sick role rather than by a desire for external gain; pretend to be ill or make themselves appear to be ill. ex: taking drugs that produce a rapid heart rate |
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Term
| prevalence rates among somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| Rare, hypochondrias are rare, somatization is rare, all disorders besides hypochondrais are more common among women (10x more common), occur in lower socioeconomic gropus, 4x more common among African A. |
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Term
| What are the most prominent disorders that co-occur with Somatoform Disorders? What are possible explanations for the comorbidity? |
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Definition
| Depression & anxiety. Either condition may cause the other, or both could be caused by a 3rd variable, such as life stress |
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Term
| Why is somatization disorder frequently linked with ASPD? |
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Definition
| ASPD may be the male expression of high negative emotion & absence of inhibition, where as somatization disorder is the female expression of the same characteristics |
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Term
| Psychological Factors of somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| Onset of somatization is triggered by traumatic stress; exposure to dead bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| avoiding work or responsibility to gain attention and sympathy |
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Term
| biological factors for somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| no organic cause of symptom can be identified; identifcation of somatoform disorders involves a process called diagnosis by exclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| limited insight into their emotional distress and/or lack of social tolerance of psychological complaints |
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Term
| How is pain disorder treated? |
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Definition
| cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) |
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Term
| Why is there such limited research investigating treatment of Somatoform Disorders |
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Definition
| because most of disorders are treated by a physician and they receive physical treatment, and never seek help from a mental health professional |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the way a person thinks, feels, and relates to other people outside encironment; various combos of psychotic symptoms in the absence of other forms of disturbance, such as mood disorders; disrupts many aspects of a person's life; it is 2nd leading cause of disease burden |
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Term
| typical onset of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| during adolescence or early adulthood; between ages 15-35 |
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Term
| Prodromal stage of schizo |
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Definition
| precedes active phase and is marked by an obvious deterioration in role functioning as a student, employee, or homemaker; peculiar behaviors, unusual percpetions, outburst of anger, increased tension, restlessness; social withdrawal, indeciveness, lack of willpower |
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Term
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Definition
| hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech |
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Term
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Definition
| follows active stage; defined by symptoms similar to those of prodromal stage; positive symptoms have improved, but person still continues to be impaired in various ways; negative symptoms, such as impoverished expression of emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| a positive symptom; sensory experiences that aren't caused by actual external stimuli; most often auditory- they hear voices that can be comforting or pleasing to the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs that are rigidly held in spite of their preposterous nature; patients express and defend their beliefs with utmost conviction; preoccupation; not typically shared with others; many focus on grandiose or paranoid content |
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Term
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Definition
| something that appears to be missing from the person's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of outward expression; flattening or restriction of the person's nonverbal display of emotional responses; affective flattening; neither happy or sad; apathetic and expressionless |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to experience pleasure; lack of positive subjective feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of will or volition; indeciveness, ambivalence, or loss of willpower; apathetic and ceases to work toward personal goals or to function independently |
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Term
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Definition
| poverty of speech, thought blocking; "speechless"; remarkable reductions in speech; patients train of speech is interrupted before a though or idea has been completed |
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Term
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Definition
| involves tendency of some patients to say things that don't make sense; make irrelavent responses to questions, expressing disconnected ideas, and using words in peculiar ways |
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Term
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Definition
| part of disorganized speehc because the failur to communicate successfully reflects a disturbance in the though patterns that govern verbal discourse |
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Term
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Definition
| immobility and marked muscular rigidy; also can refer to excitment and overactivity; ex: purposeless or repetetious movments; may assume unusual postures or remain rigid standing or sitting for longs periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| catatonic posturing; reduced responsiveness; unaware of surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| incongruity and lack of adaptability in emotional expression; content of speech is inconsistent with facial expressions |
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Term
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Definition
| splitting of mental associations |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more of following symptoms that last for a significant period of time during a 1 month period: delusions, hallucinations, disorg speech, grossly disorg or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms (such as affective flattening, alogia, or avolition) |
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Term
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Definition
| social/occupational dysfunction: one or more major areas of functioning such as work, interpersonal relations is markedly below level of achieved prior to onset |
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Term
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Definition
| duration: continuous signs of disturbance persist for at least 6 months and 1 month must meet for criteria a |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms of motor immobility or excessive and purposeless motor activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect; all 3 symptoms must be present |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic delusions with persecutory or grandiose content; preoccupation with frequent auditory hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| patients who display prominent psychotic symptoms and either meet criteria for several subtypes or otherwise don't meet criteria for catatonic, paranoid, or disorganized types |
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Term
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Definition
| patients no longer meet the criteria for active phase, but still express signs of negative symptoms; "partial remission" |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients who fall on the boundary between schizophrenia and mood disorder with psychotic features; symptoms overlap with a MDE or manic episode; presence of delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in absence of prominent mood symptoms; if delusions or hallucinations are present during a depressive episode, then it's MDE with psychotic features |
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Term
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Definition
| Doesn't meet full symptomatic criteria for schizophrenia, but are preoccupied for at least 1 month with non-bizarre delusions; no hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| People who exhibit psychotic symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or disorganized or catatonic behavior for at least one day, but no more than one month |
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Term
| What factors should be taken into consideration when thinking about outcome of schizo? |
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Definition
| Severe, progressive disorder that most often begins in adolescence and typically has a poor outcome. Best predictor of social adjustment is previous social adjustment |
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Term
| Life time morbidity risk for schizo |
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Definition
| Proportion of a specific population will be affected by the disorder at some time during their lives; 1% |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins earlier in men than in wome; men 18-25 and women 25-35; men have more negative symptoms and women have more positive symptoms; women better response to treatment |
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Term
| Gender differences in schizo |
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Definition
| Biological difs involving certain hormones |
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Term
| Cross-Cultural Comparisons (WHO, IPSS) for schizo |
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Definition
| Incidence in schizo is relatively constant across dif cultural settings; better follow up results in developed countries; schizo occurs with similar freq and presents similar symptoms in different cultures |
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Term
| Findings from behavioral genetics in schizo |
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Definition
| Some type of genetic influence; much higher prevalence among 1st degree relatives; MZ twins have higher concordance; polygenic characteristic |
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Term
| Why are birth complications harmful? |
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Definition
| children have increased risk for schizo; chidren from famine also at higher reisk for birth defects |
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Term
| Bad time of year for schizo |
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Definition
| winter months with viral infections |
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Term
| What are the findings from Structural Brain Imaging (MRI)? What part of the brain are implicated |
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Definition
| Most have a decrease in total volume of brain tissue; mildly to moderately enlarged lateral ventricles |
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Term
| What are the findings from Functional Brain Imaging (PET, fMRI) for schizo? |
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Definition
| Dysfunctions in various neural networks, including some regions of prefrontal cortex and several regions of temporal lobes; structural and functional irregularities in frontal cortex and limbic areas of temporal lobes |
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Term
| Dopamine Hypothesis for schizo |
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Definition
| function of specific dopamine pathways in the limbic area of the brain; excessive levels of dopaminergic activty |
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Term
| What is relationship between social class and Schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Highest prevalence among low SES |
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Term
| Social causation hypothesis |
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Definition
| stress & social isolation, poor nutrition, low social class play a causal role in development of schizo |
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Term
| social selection hypothesis |
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Definition
| cognitive/social impairments associated with the illness lead individuals to drift to a lower SES |
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Term
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Definition
| family environment does have a significant impact on course of schizo; ex: high EE family |
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Term
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Definition
| inds who are predisposed to schizophrenia inherit a subtle neurological defect of unknown form |
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Term
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Definition
| liability is viewed as lying along a continuum, but the probability that certain symptoms will be present changes dramatically as the person crosses a threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| treat positive symptoms; target dopamine receptors; older version of medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| newer version; target negative symptoms (not positive) |
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Term
| what's the most cost effective treatment for schizo? |
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Definition
| assertive community treatment |
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Term
| What's most effective in high EE families? |
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Definition
| Family-Oriented Aftercare |
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Term
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Definition
| token economies to help increase freq of desired behavior and decrease undesirable behavior |
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