Term
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Definition
| More severe; refers to pattern of repeated self administration that often results in tolerance, the need for increased amoungs of drug to achieve intoxication, withdrawal symptoms, and compulsive drug-taking behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| More broadly conceived, less severe pattern of drug abuse that is defined in terms of interference with the person's ability to fulfill major role obligations at work and ate home, recurrent use of a drug in dangerous situations, and repeated legal difficulties associated with drug use |
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Term
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Definition
| Older term that is often used to describe problems such as alcoholism. It's been replaced with alcohol dependence |
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Term
| drug of abuse or psychoactive substance |
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Definition
| a chemical substance that alters a person's mood, level of perception, or brain functioning. All drugs of abuse can be used to increase a person's psychological comfort level or to alter level of consciousness. It includes both legal and illegal drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| people with a substance abuse use disorder frequently abuse several types of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| used to help people sleep |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| opiates, such as heroin, morphine, opium |
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Term
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Definition
| produce a euphoria and an altered sense of time, such as marijuana |
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Term
| Why does the DSM-IV-TR use a single set of diagnostic criteria for all types of drugs? |
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Definition
| All forms of abuse represent an inherent conflict between immediate pleasure and longer term harmful consequences. The biochemical and psychological effects on the user are often similar, as are the negatvie consequences for both social and occupational behaviors |
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Term
| How do you distinguish between those who are dependant on a substance and those who are not? |
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Definition
| The number of problems that a person encounters seems to provide the most useful distinction between ppl who are dependent on a substance and those who aren't. |
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Term
| 2 general areas of dependence |
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Definition
| 1. patterns of pathological consumption, inclucding psychological and physiological dependence 2. consequences that follow a prolonged pattern of abuse, including social & occupational impairment, legal and financial difficulties, and deteriorating medical condition |
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Term
| Why is the amount of consumption not taken into account in criteria for dependence or abuse? |
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Definition
| Because people vary significantly in the amount of any give drug they can consume |
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Term
| What is craving/psychological dependence? |
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Definition
| It is frequently used to describe a forceful urge to use drugs |
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Term
| How is the role of control conceptualized in depedendence/abuse? |
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Definition
| People who are depedent on drugs often say that they take the drug to control how they are feeling. They need it to relieve negative mood states or to avoid withdrawal symptoms from previous episodes. They may feel compelled to take the drug as a way to prepare for certain activities. Diminished control over time is a crucial feature of the disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| People feel compelled to take the drug as a way to prepare for certain activities, such as public speaking, writing, or sex |
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Term
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Definition
| Process through which the nervous system becomes less sensitive to the effects of alcohol or any other drug of abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated exposure to a drug causes the person's liver to produce more enzymes that are used to metabolize, that is, break down the drug |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance |
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Definition
| receptors in the brain adapt to continued presence of the drug. Neuron may adapt by reducing # of receptors or by reducing their sensitivity to the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms experienced when a person stops using a drug, which can last for several days. such as unpleasant side effects - hand tremors, sweating, nausea, anxiety, and insomnia |
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Term
| alcohol withdrawal delirium |
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Definition
| a sudden disturbance of consciousness that is accompained by changes in cognitive processes such as lack of awareness of the environment or inability to sustain attention |
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Term
| Which classes of drugs are associated with substantial tolerance effects? |
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Definition
| Opiates, such as heroin, and CNS stimulants, such as amphetamine and cociane |
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Term
| Which classes of drugs are not particularly associated with tolerance effects? |
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Definition
| Hallucinogens (LSD) and PCP may not lead to the development of tolerance |
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Term
| Why is Caffeine Dependence not included in the DSM-IV-TR as a type of mental disorder? |
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Definition
| Because the symptoms didn't cause clinically significant distress and impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| Person is still able to function without passing out, but they will be unable to remember their behavior |
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Term
| How does nicotine affect the neurotransmitter system? |
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Definition
| Nicotine is absorbed into the blood through the blood through the mucous membranes of the lungs. Peripheral NS increase BP and HR. CNS stimulates release of NE and dopamine |
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Term
| What are (psychomotor) stimulants? |
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Definition
| Amphetamines and cocaine produce their effects by stimulating the actions of certain neurotransmitters, such as NE, E, dopamine, and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| psychomotor stimulants; release E, NE, and dopamine. Activate SNS, increase HR and BP, dilate blood vessels and air passages, suppress appetite and prevent sleep. Auditory & visual hallucinations, delusions of grandeur, violent behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| source is a poppy with white flower. contains morphine with codeine which are used to relieve pain. dreamlike euphoria, increased hearing and vision sensitivity, nausea and vomiting, reduced sex drive. chronically lethargic and lose motivation, preoccupied with using the drug. Positive emotional effects don't last, replaced by negative changes in mood |
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Term
| Barbiturates & Benzodiazepines |
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Definition
| tranquilizers, hypnotics, and sedatives. lead to a state of intoxication that is identical to that of alcohol. impaired judgement, slowness of speech, lack of coordination. |
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Term
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Definition
| marijuana and hashish, which is dried resin. drug is immediately metabolized in the liver. sense of well being and happiness, lapses in attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| PCP, LSD. induce vivid visual images with lots of colorful geometic patterns. tolerance develops quickly, so effects disappear. effects wear off after a couple of hours. flashbacks |
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Term
| Substance dependence, continued |
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Definition
| a maladaptive pattern of substance use, leads to clinically signif impairment or distress. contains at least 3 of following symptoms in a 12 month period: tolerance, withdrawal, substance taken in larger amounts overa longer pd of time, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down, great deal of time spent trying to get the substance, gives up old activities, substance is continued despite knowledge of having a problem |
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Term
| substance abuse, continued |
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Definition
| a maladaptive patter of substance use leading to clinically signif impairment or distress occurring within a 12 month period. Recurrent abuse which results in failure to fulfill major role obligations, use in physically hazardous situations, legal problems, continued use despite problems |
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Term
| Type 1 vs Type 2 alcoholism |
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Definition
| Type 1: later onset, prominent psychological dependence and absence of antisocial personality traits, and it's found in both men & women. Type 2: exclusively in men, typically has earlier onset and associated with antisocial behavior |
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Term
| Is there a “typical” course for substance dependence? What is one pattern of alcohol use that appears to be typical across individuals? |
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Definition
| Periods of heavy use alternate with periods of relative abstinence |
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Term
| Which disorders are often comorbid with substance abuse disorders? |
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Definition
| PDs, mood & anxiety disorders |
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Term
| Where is opium, cocaine, and cannabis used across the world? |
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Definition
| Opium in SE Asia. Cocaine in S. America. Cannabis is worldwide |
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Term
| Average time of onset of dependence following initial use of a drug |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of those who have used alcohol develop abuse or dependence? What are the implications of this statistic? |
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Definition
| 20% will develop serious problems. Alcohol disorders were 2nd most common type of mental disorder in US |
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Term
| Characteristic of jobs that may be associated with higher rates of alcoholism |
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Definition
| Professional writers, esp males |
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Term
| Patterns of gender differences in alcohol abuse/dependence? Biological differences? |
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Definition
| 60% of women drink alcohol, but few develop alcoholism. Men outweigh women 5:1. Much higher prevalence seen in men. Women are more likely to drink in private due to social disapproval |
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Term
| What are the prevalence rates for substance dependence among the elderly? |
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Definition
| they have the lowest rates |
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Term
| What type of personality characteristics might be associated with early adolescent experimentation with drugs? |
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Definition
| Rebellious and extroverted, family and friends encourage use |
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Term
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Definition
| People who are unable to tolerate even small amounts of alcohol. They become flushed in the skin, feel nauseated, and may experience abnormal HR. Common among Asian Americans. Prev of alcoholism is unusually low among Asian populations |
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Term
| Twin studies on alcoholism |
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Definition
| Both genetic & environmental compoment. Concordance rates higher for MZ twins |
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Term
| Adoption studies on alcoholism |
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Definition
| results point toward influence of genetics as well. Children with alcoholic parents, but adopted by nonalcoholics are more likely than the general population to develop alcoholism. If just adoptive parents are alcoholics, there isn't as big of an effect |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter thought to be associated with reward pathways/craving |
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Definition
| Mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
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Term
| Endorphins and the psychological processes assoicated with them? |
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Definition
| Closely related to morphine, control emotion, pain, stress, and reward. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates euphoric feelings, but then feelings turn negative. Opiod system is highly activated in alocoholics |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol dependence is caused by a genetically determined deficiency in serotonin activity in certain areas of the limbic system. When person is sober, serotonin is reduced to subnormal levels |
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Term
| Why is it often difficult to treat substance abuse disorders? |
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Definition
| Many people dont acknowledge their problem and very few seek help |
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Term
| Controversial issues regarding treatment |
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Definition
| many argue that abstinence from drinking is only acceptable goal, but others say taht moderate use is ok |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of a drug on which a person has become dependent for 3 to 6 weeks |
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Term
| What are some medications that are sometimes used during remission and how do they work? What are some issues with medication treatments? |
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Definition
| Disulfiram is a drug that can block chemical breakdown of alochol. But if it is taken while alcohol has been consumed it can make the person violently ill |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcoholics Annonymous; helps others who abuse alcohol to become and remain sober. it's a 12 step program. First step, person must acknowledge they are powerless over alcohol and unable to manage their own drinking. Early dropout rates are high |
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Term
| How does CBT contribute to recovery/remission? |
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Definition
| Identifies situtions where heavy drinking might occur |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing people's beliefe that they will be able to control their own behavior and events in their lives |
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Term
| "abstinence violation effect" |
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Definition
| refers to guilt a person feels when they find themselves having a drink |
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Term
| Motivational Interviewing |
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Definition
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Term
| What does outcome research suggest about the effectiveness of various treatment options? |
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Definition
| AA might be most effective, but there is little evidence |
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