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Abnormal
Chapter 10 - Eating Disorders
63
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/09/2006

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Term
What does "refusual to maintain a normal weight" refer to?
Definition
It refers to extreme emaciation, which means "loss of appetite"
Term
What does DSM suggest as a guideline for evaluating abnormal weight?
Definition
There isn't a formal cutoff, but it suggests 85% of expected body weight.
Term
What are 2 reasons an individual might experience disturbances in evaluating weight/body shape?
Definition
1. They deny problems with their weight 2. Distorted body image of themselves
Term
How might a fear of gaining weight contribute to the experience of anorexia?
Definition
It's the 3rd characteristic of anorexia. They fear that relaxing control, even just a little, will lead to a loss of control.
Term
What is amenorrhea?
Definition
Absence of at least 3 menstrual cycles
Term
What are common medical complications associated with anorexia?
Definition
Constipation, abdominal pain, intolerance to cold, and lethargy
Term
Lanugo
Definition
Fine, drowny hair on their face or trunk of their body
Term
Electrolyte imbalance
Definition
a disturbance in the levels of potassium, calcium, sodium, and other vital elements found in bodily fluids that can lead to cardiac arrest or kidney failure.
Term
What type of role dos "control" play in anorexia?
Definition
They exhibit a struggle for control and excessive conformity. People with anorexia often take great pride in their self-control; they feel like masters of control
Term
What psychological disorders are often comorbid with anorexia?
Definition
OCD & Depression
Term
How are these disorders often thought to relate to anorexia (e.g., are they thought to be primary or secondary)?
Definition
These disorders may be reactions to anorexia. These people often follow compulsive rituals in regard to eating. Depression has also been found to be a secondary rxn to starvation.
Term
How is comorbid binge eating/purging related to treatment outcome measures?
Definition
People with anorexia who do not binge eat or purge generally feel better adjusted on other measures of mental health. For example, they have lower rates of depression.
Term
Binge eating
Definition
Eating an amount of food in a fixed period of time. For example, less than 2 hours and a clearly larger meal than most people would consume under normal circumstances.
Term
Why does the definition of binge eating rely on clinical judgment rather than quantity of calories consumed during a binge?
Definition
What is considered a high calorie intake for one individual may not be high for someone else
Term
Characteristics of binges? How does a person feel after a binge? Types of foods consumed?
Definition
They soon feel uncomfortable after eating. Initially it is comforting & alleviates some of person's unhappy feelings, but physical discomfort and fear of gainign weight soon override the positive aspects.
Term
What type of psychological experiences might trigger binge eating?
Definition
Unhappy mood due to interpersonal conflict, self-criticism about their weight or appearance, or intense hunger
Term
"Inappropriate compensatory behavior"
Definition
Making up for binge through purging, laxatives, excessive exercise, etc
Term
Purging
Definition
Designed to eliminate consumed food from the body
Term
Most common form of purging
Definition
Self-induced vomitting because it brings immediate relief from physical discomfort caused by a binge
Term
Other forms of compensatory behavior besides purging
Definition
Laxatives, diuretics, enemas, extreme exercise, or rigid fasting
Term
Is purging effective?
Definition
No because it only prevents the absorption of about 1/2 the calories consumed during a binge
Term
Which psychological disorders are often comorbid with bulimia?
Definition
Depression, anxiety, PDs, and substance abuse
Term
How is course of depression thought to be related to bulimia?
Definition
Depression generally beings at same time as or follows onset of bulimia. It can be a reaction to it.
Term
What medical complications might result from bulimia?
Definition
Erode dental enamel, trigger a gag reflex, rumination which is the regurgitating and rechewing of food, enlargement of salivary glands, puffy face
Term
What are the four major DSM-IV symptoms of anorexia?
Definition
1. Refusal to maintain body weight 2. Intense fear of gaining weight 3. Disturbance in the way weight or body shape is experienced 4. Amenorrhea
Term
2 subtypes of anorexia
Definition
1. Restricting type 2. Binge eating/purging
Term
What are the five major DSM-IV symptoms of bulimia?
Definition
1. Recurrent episodes of binge eating over which ind feels a lack of control 2. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior 3. Ave frequency of at least 2 episodes per week over a pd of at least 3 months 4. Undue influence of weight and body shape on self-evaluation 5. Disturbance doesn't soley occur during anorexia
Term
2 subtypes of bulimia
Definition
1. Non-purging type might engage in excessive exercising or fasting 2. Purging type with regual binge eating and purging, misuse of laxatives
Term
Binge Eating Disorder
Definition
Involves binge eating w/o compensatory behavior
Term
Estimated prev of anorexia
Definition
.5% among females
Term
Gender difs in prev of anorexia
Definition
It is 10x more likely to occur in females than in males
Term
Cohort effect
Definition
A group that shares some common feature, particularly time of birth
Term
How do lifetime prevalence rates of bulimia compare across different cohorts?
Definition
Cohort of 1960 had much greater prev of bulimia than did cohort of 1950
Term
Is bulimia or anorexia more common?
Definition
Bulimia
Term
Lifetime prev of bulimia
Definition
Occurs among 1-3% of women, which is 2 to 6x the number of cases of anorexia
Term
How might societal differences in gender stereotypes contribute to the etiology of eating disorders?
Definition
Women are much more likely than men to have a negative body image
Term
How might the “cultural ideal of beauty” contribute to eating disorders?
Definition
Increasingly beauty is equated with thinness
Term
How is weight correlated to food availability in under-resourced countries?
Definition
Women who are more rounded are considered to be more beautiful
Term
How is weight correlated to food availability in industrialized nations?
Definition
Eating disorders are found almost exclusively in N. America
Term
Typical onset of bulimia and anorexia
Definition
Typically by late adolesence or early adulthood
Term
Which characteristics of adolescence are theorized to be related to the onset of eating disorders?
Definition
Hormonal changes, autonomy struggles, and problems with sexuality
Term
Eating disorders are thought to be common in which fields of work?
Definition
Far more common among young women than men. Fields that emphasize weight & appearance such as models, dancers, and gymnasts
Term
How is SES class thought to be associated with eating disorder?
Definition
Middle and Upper class whites
Term
Why might troubled family relationships increase vulnerability to eating disorders?
Definition
With bulimia families, they tend to report conflict & rejection. With anorexia families, they tend to be nonconflictual and cohesive
Term
Enmeshed family
Definition
Families whose members are overly involved in one another's lives
Term
What did Bruch (1982) assert “struggle for control” as a major psychological factor that contributes to eating disorders?
Definition
Girls with eating disorders seem to be exceptionally "good": conforming and eager to please, attempt to please others, and overly compliant
Term
How might perfectionism contribute to eating disorders?
Definition
It's an endless pursuit of control; they set unrealistically high standards, self-critical, and demand high performance
Term
Introceptive awareness
Definition
Recognition of internal cues, including various emotional states as well as hunger
Term
How is depression thought to be related to eating disorders?
Definition
It may be a reaction to the disorder, especially among anorexia. Depression improves markedly following successful group psychotherapy for bulimia.
Term
Negative body image
Definition
Highly critical evaluation of one's weight and shape
Term
Distorted body image
Definition
Perceptual inaccuracy in judging one's size
Term
Dietary restraint
Definition
Direct consequences of restricted eating. It increases hunger, frustration, and lack of attention to internal cues. It may seem to result from body's rebellion against the ind's attempt to lose an inappropriate amount of weight
Term
weight set point
Definition
Body maintains weight around weight set points, which are fixed weights or small ranges of weight. Maintaining weight near a set point is biologically adaptive
Term
Summarize contributions from the behavior genetics research regarding eating disorders.
Definition
There is a slowing of the metabolic rate, which is the rate at which the body expends energy, there is movement toward hyperlipogenesis, which is storage of abnormally large amounts of fat in fat cells throughout the body.
Term
Do the findings suggest that there is an “eating disorder” gene?
Definition
Concordance rate of 23% for MZ twins and 9% for DZ twins. It is unlikely that eating disorders are directly inherited, rather than genetics may influence some personality characteristic that, in turn, increases risk of bulimia
Term
2 major treatment goals for anorexia and what are the rationales for these treatments
Definition
1. Help patient gain at least a minimal amount of body weight and if it is so severe patient may be treated in an impatient setting. 2. Address broader difficulties that may have caused or are maintaining the disorder
Term
Most common form of therapy
Definition
Structural family therapy, which views parents' interference with adolescent autonomy
Term
Effectiveness of therapies
Definition
Currently little evidence taht shows any of these treatments are effective. Antidepressants seem to offer little relief for anorexia. 50-60% of patients have a weight within normal range, but may continue to be preoccupied with diet, weight, and body shape
Term
Goals of CBT for bulimia
Definition
All antidepressants have shown to be somewhat effective in treating bulimia. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: goal is to restore normal pattern of eating and thereby end the cycle where extreme dietary restraints. 2nd goal is to address perfectionism or depression. 3rd goal is to prepare clients for expected relapses in the future
Term
Effectiveness of CBT
Definition
70-80% reduction in binge eating and purging
Term
Goals of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Definition
Focuses on difficulties in close relationships, but doesnt address eating disorders directly
Term
IPT vs CBT in terms of effectiveness & course of treatment
Definition
CBT is more effective. Improvements with CBT remain relatively stable; however, IPT patients continue to improve
Term
How does treatment course of bulimia compare to treatment course of anorexia?
Definition
Outcome for bulimia is generally more positive than for anorexia
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