Term
| What does "refusual to maintain a normal weight" refer to? |
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Definition
| It refers to extreme emaciation, which means "loss of appetite" |
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Term
| What does DSM suggest as a guideline for evaluating abnormal weight? |
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Definition
| There isn't a formal cutoff, but it suggests 85% of expected body weight. |
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Term
| What are 2 reasons an individual might experience disturbances in evaluating weight/body shape? |
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Definition
| 1. They deny problems with their weight 2. Distorted body image of themselves |
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Term
| How might a fear of gaining weight contribute to the experience of anorexia? |
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Definition
| It's the 3rd characteristic of anorexia. They fear that relaxing control, even just a little, will lead to a loss of control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of at least 3 menstrual cycles |
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Term
| What are common medical complications associated with anorexia? |
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Definition
| Constipation, abdominal pain, intolerance to cold, and lethargy |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine, drowny hair on their face or trunk of their body |
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Term
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Definition
| a disturbance in the levels of potassium, calcium, sodium, and other vital elements found in bodily fluids that can lead to cardiac arrest or kidney failure. |
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Term
| What type of role dos "control" play in anorexia? |
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Definition
| They exhibit a struggle for control and excessive conformity. People with anorexia often take great pride in their self-control; they feel like masters of control |
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Term
| What psychological disorders are often comorbid with anorexia? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are these disorders often thought to relate to anorexia (e.g., are they thought to be primary or secondary)? |
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Definition
| These disorders may be reactions to anorexia. These people often follow compulsive rituals in regard to eating. Depression has also been found to be a secondary rxn to starvation. |
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Term
| How is comorbid binge eating/purging related to treatment outcome measures? |
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Definition
| People with anorexia who do not binge eat or purge generally feel better adjusted on other measures of mental health. For example, they have lower rates of depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eating an amount of food in a fixed period of time. For example, less than 2 hours and a clearly larger meal than most people would consume under normal circumstances. |
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Term
| Why does the definition of binge eating rely on clinical judgment rather than quantity of calories consumed during a binge? |
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Definition
| What is considered a high calorie intake for one individual may not be high for someone else |
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Term
| Characteristics of binges? How does a person feel after a binge? Types of foods consumed? |
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Definition
| They soon feel uncomfortable after eating. Initially it is comforting & alleviates some of person's unhappy feelings, but physical discomfort and fear of gainign weight soon override the positive aspects. |
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Term
| What type of psychological experiences might trigger binge eating? |
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Definition
| Unhappy mood due to interpersonal conflict, self-criticism about their weight or appearance, or intense hunger |
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Term
| "Inappropriate compensatory behavior" |
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Definition
| Making up for binge through purging, laxatives, excessive exercise, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to eliminate consumed food from the body |
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Term
| Most common form of purging |
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Definition
| Self-induced vomitting because it brings immediate relief from physical discomfort caused by a binge |
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Term
| Other forms of compensatory behavior besides purging |
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Definition
| Laxatives, diuretics, enemas, extreme exercise, or rigid fasting |
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Term
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Definition
| No because it only prevents the absorption of about 1/2 the calories consumed during a binge |
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Term
| Which psychological disorders are often comorbid with bulimia? |
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Definition
| Depression, anxiety, PDs, and substance abuse |
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Term
| How is course of depression thought to be related to bulimia? |
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Definition
| Depression generally beings at same time as or follows onset of bulimia. It can be a reaction to it. |
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Term
| What medical complications might result from bulimia? |
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Definition
| Erode dental enamel, trigger a gag reflex, rumination which is the regurgitating and rechewing of food, enlargement of salivary glands, puffy face |
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Term
| What are the four major DSM-IV symptoms of anorexia? |
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Definition
| 1. Refusal to maintain body weight 2. Intense fear of gaining weight 3. Disturbance in the way weight or body shape is experienced 4. Amenorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Restricting type 2. Binge eating/purging |
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Term
| What are the five major DSM-IV symptoms of bulimia? |
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Definition
| 1. Recurrent episodes of binge eating over which ind feels a lack of control 2. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior 3. Ave frequency of at least 2 episodes per week over a pd of at least 3 months 4. Undue influence of weight and body shape on self-evaluation 5. Disturbance doesn't soley occur during anorexia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Non-purging type might engage in excessive exercising or fasting 2. Purging type with regual binge eating and purging, misuse of laxatives |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves binge eating w/o compensatory behavior |
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Term
| Estimated prev of anorexia |
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Definition
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Term
| Gender difs in prev of anorexia |
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Definition
| It is 10x more likely to occur in females than in males |
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Term
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Definition
| A group that shares some common feature, particularly time of birth |
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Term
| How do lifetime prevalence rates of bulimia compare across different cohorts? |
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Definition
| Cohort of 1960 had much greater prev of bulimia than did cohort of 1950 |
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Term
| Is bulimia or anorexia more common? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs among 1-3% of women, which is 2 to 6x the number of cases of anorexia |
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Term
| How might societal differences in gender stereotypes contribute to the etiology of eating disorders? |
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Definition
| Women are much more likely than men to have a negative body image |
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Term
| How might the “cultural ideal of beauty” contribute to eating disorders? |
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Definition
| Increasingly beauty is equated with thinness |
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Term
| How is weight correlated to food availability in under-resourced countries? |
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Definition
| Women who are more rounded are considered to be more beautiful |
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Term
| How is weight correlated to food availability in industrialized nations? |
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Definition
| Eating disorders are found almost exclusively in N. America |
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Term
| Typical onset of bulimia and anorexia |
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Definition
| Typically by late adolesence or early adulthood |
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Term
| Which characteristics of adolescence are theorized to be related to the onset of eating disorders? |
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Definition
| Hormonal changes, autonomy struggles, and problems with sexuality |
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Term
| Eating disorders are thought to be common in which fields of work? |
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Definition
| Far more common among young women than men. Fields that emphasize weight & appearance such as models, dancers, and gymnasts |
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Term
| How is SES class thought to be associated with eating disorder? |
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Definition
| Middle and Upper class whites |
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Term
| Why might troubled family relationships increase vulnerability to eating disorders? |
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Definition
| With bulimia families, they tend to report conflict & rejection. With anorexia families, they tend to be nonconflictual and cohesive |
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Term
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Definition
| Families whose members are overly involved in one another's lives |
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Term
| What did Bruch (1982) assert “struggle for control” as a major psychological factor that contributes to eating disorders? |
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Definition
| Girls with eating disorders seem to be exceptionally "good": conforming and eager to please, attempt to please others, and overly compliant |
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Term
| How might perfectionism contribute to eating disorders? |
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Definition
| It's an endless pursuit of control; they set unrealistically high standards, self-critical, and demand high performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognition of internal cues, including various emotional states as well as hunger |
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Term
| How is depression thought to be related to eating disorders? |
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Definition
| It may be a reaction to the disorder, especially among anorexia. Depression improves markedly following successful group psychotherapy for bulimia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly critical evaluation of one's weight and shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceptual inaccuracy in judging one's size |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct consequences of restricted eating. It increases hunger, frustration, and lack of attention to internal cues. It may seem to result from body's rebellion against the ind's attempt to lose an inappropriate amount of weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Body maintains weight around weight set points, which are fixed weights or small ranges of weight. Maintaining weight near a set point is biologically adaptive |
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Term
| Summarize contributions from the behavior genetics research regarding eating disorders. |
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Definition
| There is a slowing of the metabolic rate, which is the rate at which the body expends energy, there is movement toward hyperlipogenesis, which is storage of abnormally large amounts of fat in fat cells throughout the body. |
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Term
| Do the findings suggest that there is an “eating disorder” gene? |
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Definition
| Concordance rate of 23% for MZ twins and 9% for DZ twins. It is unlikely that eating disorders are directly inherited, rather than genetics may influence some personality characteristic that, in turn, increases risk of bulimia |
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Term
| 2 major treatment goals for anorexia and what are the rationales for these treatments |
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Definition
| 1. Help patient gain at least a minimal amount of body weight and if it is so severe patient may be treated in an impatient setting. 2. Address broader difficulties that may have caused or are maintaining the disorder |
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Term
| Most common form of therapy |
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Definition
| Structural family therapy, which views parents' interference with adolescent autonomy |
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Term
| Effectiveness of therapies |
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Definition
| Currently little evidence taht shows any of these treatments are effective. Antidepressants seem to offer little relief for anorexia. 50-60% of patients have a weight within normal range, but may continue to be preoccupied with diet, weight, and body shape |
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Term
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Definition
| All antidepressants have shown to be somewhat effective in treating bulimia. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: goal is to restore normal pattern of eating and thereby end the cycle where extreme dietary restraints. 2nd goal is to address perfectionism or depression. 3rd goal is to prepare clients for expected relapses in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| 70-80% reduction in binge eating and purging |
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Term
| Goals of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) |
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Definition
| Focuses on difficulties in close relationships, but doesnt address eating disorders directly |
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Term
| IPT vs CBT in terms of effectiveness & course of treatment |
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Definition
| CBT is more effective. Improvements with CBT remain relatively stable; however, IPT patients continue to improve |
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Term
| How does treatment course of bulimia compare to treatment course of anorexia? |
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Definition
| Outcome for bulimia is generally more positive than for anorexia |
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