Term
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Definition
| The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being. |
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Term
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Definition
| The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities. |
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Definition
| The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveyinhg genuineness. |
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Term
| Basic irrational assumption |
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Definition
| The inaccurate and inapporpriate beliefs help by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis. |
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Definition
| A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help caused their psychological disorder. |
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Definition
| A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder. |
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Definition
| The most common group of anxiety drugs, which include valium and Xanax. |
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Term
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Definition
| The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutryic acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reaction voluntarily. |
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Definition
| A device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body. |
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Definition
| A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation. |
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Definition
| A severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia). |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mid and so produce the same response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similiar stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| A predisposition to develop certain fears. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread. |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread. |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless. |
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Term
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Definition
| A severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarassment may occur. Also known as Social anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredicatable panic attacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in places or situations from which escape might be different (or embarassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, almond-shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information. |
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Term
| Biological challenge test |
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Definition
| A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perfrom some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful. |
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Term
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Definition
| A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety. |
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Term
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undersirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unaccpetable desire or act by performing another act. |
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Definition
| An ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a lifestyle that expresses the opposite desire. |
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Term
| Exposure and Response prevention |
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Definition
| A behavioral treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and eating disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that helps convert sensory information into thoughts and actions. |
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Term
| Stress Management Program |
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Definition
| An approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress. |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Definition
| The network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system of glands located throughout the body that help control important activities such as growth and sexual activity. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that quicken the hearbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal and fear. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that help return bodily processes to normal |
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Term
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway |
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Definition
| One route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month. |
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Term
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forced sexual intercourse or anoter sexual act committed against a nonconsenting person or intercourse with an underage person. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of brutal, degrading, and disorienting strategies to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness. |
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Term
| Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) |
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Definition
| An exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group that meets to talk about and explore members' problems in an atomosphere of mutual support. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents. Also called Critical incident stress debriefing |
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Term
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Definition
| Illnesses that result from an interaction of psychological and organic factors. Also known as psychosomatic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| A lesion that forms in the wall of the stomach or of the duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A medical problem marked by narrowing of the trachea and bronchi, which results in shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and a choking sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty falling or staying asleep. |
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Term
| Muscle contraction headache |
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Definition
| A headache caused by a narrowing of muscles surrounding the skull. Also known as tension headache |
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Term
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Definition
| A very severe headache that occurs on one side of the head, often preceded by a warning sensation and sometimes accompanied by dizziness, nausea, or vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic high blood pressure |
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Term
| Type A personalitiy style |
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Definition
| A personality pattern characterized by hostility, cynicism, drivenness, impatience, competitivenss, and ambition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A personality pattern in which persons are more relaxed, less aggressive, and less concerned about time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the connections between stress, the body's immune system, and illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's network of activities and cells that identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A foreign invader of the body, such as bacterium or virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells that circulate through the lymph system and bloodstream, helping the body identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A field that combines psychological and physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physical illness or ailment that is explained largely by psychosocial causes, in which the patient experiences no sense of wanting or guiding the symptoms. |
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Term
| Hysterical Somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| Somatoform disorders in which people suffer actual changes in their physical functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A somatoform disorder in which a psychosocial need or conflict is convereted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A somatoform disorder marked by numerous recurring physical ailments without an organic basis. Also known as Briquet's Syndrome |
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Term
| Pain disorder associated with psychological factors |
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Definition
| A somatoform disorder marked by pain, with psychosocial factors playing a central role in the onset, severity, or continuation of the pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| An illness with no identifiable physical cause, in which the patient is believed to be intentionally producing or faking symptoms in order to assume a sick role. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extreme and chronic form of factitious disorder. |
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Term
| Munchausen syndrome by proxy |
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Definition
| A factitious disorder in which parents make up or produce illnesses in their children. Also known as factitious disorder by proxy |
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Term
| Preoccupation somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| Disorders in which people misinterpret and overreact to minor, even normal bodily symptoms or features. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder in which people mistakenly fear that minor changes in their physical functioning indicate a serious disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder marked by excessive worry that same aspect of one's physical apperance is defective. Also known as dysmorphophobia |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychodynamic theory, the gain achieved when hysterical symptoms keep internal conflicts out of awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychodynamic theory, the gain achieved when hysterical symptoms elicit kindness from others or provide an excuse to avoid unpleasant activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sham treatment that a patient believs to be genuine |
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Term
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Definition
| The faculty for recalling past events and past learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dissociative disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dissociative disorder in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past. |
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Term
| Dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| A dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities. Also known as alternate personalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder. Also known as alternate personalities |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events. |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten evetns or perform other therapeutic activities. Also known as hypnoterapy |
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Term
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Definition
| The final merging of two or more subpersonalities in multiple personality disorder |
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Term
| Depersonalization disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder marked by a persistent and recurrent feeling of being detached from one's own mental processes or body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low-self worth, guilt, or related symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression without a history of mania |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| A severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as durgs or a general medical condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mood disorder that is similiar to but longer-lasting and less disabling than a major depressive disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freduian theory, the loss of a valued object (for example, a loss of employment) that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one. Also called imagined loss |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from one's mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| Numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception, based on past expierences, that one has no control over one's reinforcements |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and depressive episodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause psychological disorders. |
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Term
| Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) |
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Definition
| A treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the beliefs that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship. |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| A treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to a patient's head send an electrical current through the brain, causing a convulsion. |
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Term
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Definition
| An antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase. |
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Term
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Definition
| An antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure. |
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Term
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) |
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Definition
| A group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment procedure for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person's vague nerve; the nerve, in turn, stimulates the brain. |
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Term
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
| A treatment procedure for depression in which an electromagnetic coil, which is placed on or above a person's head, sends a current into the individual's brian. |
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Term
| Deep brain stimulation (DBS) |
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Definition
| A treatment procedure for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have benn implanted in Brodmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective treatment for bipolar disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar mood disorder. Also known as antibipolar drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical changes within a neuron just after the neuron receives a neurotransmitter message and just before it responds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A suicide attempt that does not result in death |
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Term
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Definition
| A self-inflicted death in which the person acts intentionally, directly, and consciously |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who clearly intends to end his or her life at the time of a suicide attempt |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who attempts suicide believing that the process of death is already under way and that he or she is simply hastening the process. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who attempts suicide wihtout recognizing the finality of death. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even as he or she attempts suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| A death in which the victims plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological autopsy in which clinicians and researchers piece together information about a person's suicide from the person's past. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pessimistic belief that one's present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms. |
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Term
| Suicide prevention program |
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Definition
| A program that tries to identify people who are at risk of killing themselves and to offer them crisis intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis. |
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