Term
| depressive disorders, affective disorders, and depressive neuroses are grouped under the heading ___ in the DSM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depressive disorders, affective disorders, and depressive neuroses are grouped under the heading ___ in the DSM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most commonly diagnosed and severe depression called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the DSM criteria for a major depressive episode? |
|
Definition
1. lasts at least 2 weeks
2. cognitive symptoms (feelings of worthlessness and indecisiveness)
3. disturbed physical functions (altered sleep patterns, changes in appetite and weight, loss of energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to experience pleasure |
|
|
Term
| Major Depressive Episode: Physical |
|
Definition
| somatic and vegetative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Major Depressive Episode: Behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major Depressive Episode: Duration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Anhedonia in Major Depressive Episode reflects that these episodes represent a state of ___ positive affect and not just ___ negative affect |
|
Definition
| low positive affect and not just high negative affect |
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|
Term
|
Definition
abnormally exaggerated joy or euphoria
individuals find extreme pleasure in every activity
1. become hyperactive, require little sleep, and may develop huge plans believing that they can accomplish anything they desire
-rapid and coherent speech |
|
|
Term
| Manic episode: how long does it need to occur to be diagnosed? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How long can an untreated manic episode last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define: Hypomanic episode |
|
Definition
| less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
people who experience depression OR mania
mood remains at one "pole" of depression-mania continuum. |
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Term
| Which is rare: unipolar depression or unipolar mania? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dysmorphic/Mixed manic episode |
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Definition
| person can feel manic while also feeling depressed or anxious at the same time |
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|
Term
| Dysphoric/Mixed manic episode |
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Definition
| person can feel manic while also feeling depressed or anxious at the same time |
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|
Term
| How does somebody have a Dysphoric/Mixed manic episode? |
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Definition
| feel that their mania is out of control and become depressed about it |
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|
Term
| the most easily recognized mood disorder is... |
|
Definition
| major depressive disorder |
|
|
Term
| what is special about major depressive disorder? |
|
Definition
| no manic or hypomanic episodes |
|
|
Term
| When is major depressive disorder (recurrent) diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| two or more major depressive episodes occurred and were separated by at least 2 months during which the individual was not depressed |
|
|
Term
| _% of major depressive episode cases experience a second episode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| median lifetime number of depressive episodes is __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
persistently depressed mood that continues at least 2 years
cannot be symptom free for more than 2 months at a time |
|
|
Term
| What is double depression? |
|
Definition
| when people have both major depressive episodes ad dysthmia disorder |
|
|
Term
| how does double depression develop? |
|
Definition
| dysthymic disorder develops first and then one or more major depressive episodes occur later |
|
|
Term
| onset of dysthymic disorder before 21 years old has 3 characteristics... |
|
Definition
1. greater chronicality (lasts longer)
2. relatively poor prognosis (response to treatment)
3. stronger likelihood of disorder running in family |
|
|
Term
| frequency of severe depression following death of a loved one = __% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathological or impacted grief reaction: symptoms |
|
Definition
can develop without a preexisting depressed state
1. intrusive memories, disstressingly strong yearnings for the loved one and avoiding people or places that are reminders of the loved one |
|
|
Term
| bipolar disorder: key identifying features |
|
Definition
| tendency of manic episodes to alternate with major depressive episodes |
|
|
Term
| Difference between Biplar I and Bipolar II disrder |
|
Definition
Bipolar II: major depressive episodes alternate with hypomanic episdes
Bipolar I episode: individual experiences FULL manic episode, alternating with depressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic bipolar
alteration of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes |
|
|
Term
| average age of onset of bipolar I disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| average age of onset of bipolar II disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| social factors of eating disorders |
|
Definition
1. overmasculinized images
2. over competitive childhood growing up |
|
|
Term
| Psychological factors in eating disorders |
|
Definition
obsession with being thin and losing weight
being thin = to be loved |
|
|
Term
| 6 basic specifiers that describe the most recent episode of a mood disorder |
|
Definition
1. atypical
2. melancholic
3. chronic
4. catatonic
5. psychotic
6.postpartum onset |
|
|
Term
| atypical features specifer |
|
Definition
applies to depressive episodes and dysthymia but not manic episodes
consistently oversleep and overeat during their depressive episodes and gain weight |
|
|
Term
| melancholic features specifer |
|
Definition
applies only if the full criteria for a major episode have been met
severe somatic symptoms: early-morning awakenings, weight loss, loss of libido, inappropriate guilt, anhedonia |
|
|
Term
| chronic features specifier |
|
Definition
| major depressive episode for 2 years |
|
|
Term
| catatonic features specifier |
|
Definition
can be applied to major depressive episodes and even to manic episodes
absense of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absense of movement
muslces are waxy and stiff |
|
|
Term
| psychotic features specifier |
|
Definition
| hallucinations, delusions, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strongly held by inaccurate beliefs |
|
|
Term
| postpartum onset specifier |
|
Definition
can apply to both major depressive and manic episodes
4 week period following child birth |
|
|
Term
| list 3 differences in the course of mood disorders |
|
Definition
1. longitudinal course specifiers
2. rapid cycling specifier
3. seasonal pattern specifier |
|
|
Term
| longitudinal course specifier |
|
Definition
| long and intensive course of treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
applies only to bipolar disorders
move quickly in and ut of mood states |
|
|
Term
| Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) |
|
Definition
Dexamethasone is a glucrticoid that suppresses cortisol secretion
when given to depressed people, less suppression occured
because adrenal cortex secreted enough cortisol to overwhelm the suppressive effects of dexamethasone |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Mood Disorders: Psychological |
|
Definition
1. Stressful life events, trauma
2. learned helplessness
3. negative cognitive style
4. cognitive vulnerability to depression |
|
|
Term
| the depression attribution style is... |
|
Definition
1. internal (individuals attribute negative events to personal failings (it is all my fault)
2. stable (even after a particular negative event passes, the attribution is additional bad things will always be my fault"
3. Global: attributions extend across a variety of issues |
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of negative cognitive styles |
|
Definition
1. arbitrary inference
2. overgeneralization |
|
|
Term
| what is arbitrary inference? |
|
Definition
| depressed individual emphasizes the negative rather than the positive aspects of a situation |
|
|
Term
| Example of overgeneralization |
|
Definition
| one bad comment to you leads you to believe that more bad things will come your way |
|
|
Term
| depressive cognitive triad |
|
Definition
themselves
immediate world
future
-----make negative comments about these |
|
|
Term
| Mood Disorders: Social and Cultural causes |
|
Definition
1. marital relations
2. mood disorders are more prevalent in women,women tend to ruminate about things and blame themselves
3. social support: how does family help? |
|
|
Term
| Most used Antidepressants |
|
Definition
Tricyclic antidepressants
like Tofranil and Elavil |
|
|
Term
| How do Tricyclic antidepressants work? |
|
Definition
downregulating norepinephrine
serotonin |
|
|
Term
| long term effects of Tricyclic antidepressants? |
|
Definition
| may promote new nerve growth in hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| How do MAO inhibiters work? |
|
Definition
| block MAO (breaks down neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
block presynaptic reuptake of serotonin
temporarily increases serotonin at receptor site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lithium as an antidepressant |
|
Definition
choice treatment for bipolar
limits availability of dopamine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electric shock to brain for less than a second, producing seizure
produce structural changes in the brain |
|
|
Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation |
|
Definition
| placing magnetic coil over the individual's head + electric pulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
examine thought processes and learn to identify negative automatic thoughts
therapist and client set goals + collaboratively work as a team
change way of thinking |
|
|
Term
| how does CBT change thought processes? (5 steps) |
|
Definition
1. record thoughts and feelings, rate how strongly you believe them
2. behavioral activation: what willyou do this week to help depression?
3. monitoring activities: weekly activity schedule; rate each activity
4. scheduling activities: look at activities that helped most and schedule them
5. graded task assignment: break tasks down into steps with reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal psychotherapy |
|
Definition
-focuses on problematic interpersonal relationships
-improves quality of relationships increase negative effects of social supports and decreases helplessness associated with depression |
|
|
Term
| best therapy for post-pardum depression |
|
Definition
| Interpersonal psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
teach people how to relax
form of CBT |
|
|
Term
| outcomes of psychological treatments |
|
Definition
| comparable to medications, but are longer lasting |
|
|
Term
| 3 Psycholgical treatments for mood disorders |
|
Definition
1. CBT
2. interpersonal therapy
3. prevention |
|
|
Term
| 3 stages of interpersonal therapy |
|
Definition
1. negotiation stage
2. impasse stage
3. resolution stage |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal therapy: negotiation stage |
|
Definition
| both partners are aware it is a dispute, and they are trying to negotiate it |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal therapy: impasse stage |
|
Definition
| dispute smolders beneath the surface and results in low-level resentment, but no attempts are made to resolve it |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal therapy: resolution stage |
|
Definition
| partners are taking some action, such as divorce, separation, or recommitting to marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. dealing with interpersonal role disputes (such as marital conflict)
2. adjusting to the loss of a relationship: grief
3. acquiring new relationships (getting married
4. identifying and correcting deficits in social skills |
|
|
Term
| suicide is the _th leading cause of death in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main cause of suicide due to.... |
|
Definition
| high expectations for lives |
|
|
Term
| gender differences in suicide |
|
Definition
1. men more likely to choose lethal method,women more likely to attempt but usually unsuccessful
me are five times more likely to attempt |
|
|
Term
| cultural differences in suicide rates |
|
Definition
| native americans have s high suicide rate |
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|
Term
| suicide is the _rd highest death in teens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do teens commit suicide? |
|
Definition
| do not have fully developed frontal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-experience shameful and humiliating event and are hopeless/helpless
-high genetic predisposition
-low serotonin levels; tendency to overreat, inpulsivity, instability
-pre-existing condition; 90% |
|
|
Term
| __% of people that commit suicide have a pre-existing psych disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common cognition in people that attempt suicide = |
|
Definition
ambivalence
believe suicide is the only option
hope somebody comes to save them |
|
|
Term
| treatment for people that want to commit suicide |
|
Definition
they want to escape from stress and regain control and end pain
help identify other exits for the problem |
|
|
Term
| High risk variables for suicide (6) |
|
Definition
1. method: do they have the means?
2. impulse control problems
3. do they have anyone that might try to stop them?
4. new life stressors
5. past attempted suicides
6. high isolation and shame |
|
|
Term
| what is the ACTION of suicide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the FEELING of suicide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the COGNITION of suicide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immediate concern for a person that wants to commit suicide |
|
Definition
can person commit to stay alive?
if not, get the person to a safe situation |
|
|
Term
| longterm focus for a person that wants to commit suicide |
|
Definition
address rigid cognitive distortions
work on reducing hopelessness
alternative interpretations of life situation
focus on advantages and disadvantages of suicide as one possible solution |
|
|
Term
| study on suidide with letters |
|
Definition
wrote letters to suicide patients that were in E.R.
asked how they were doing
decreased suicide rates |
|
|
Term
| list: 2 types of eating disorders |
|
Definition
1. anorexia nervosa
2. bulimia nervosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sociocultural factors
exposure to overmasculinized images, media
genetics |
|
|
Term
| When did eating disorders begin? |
|
Definition
| 1960s = onset of distorted body image |
|
|
Term
| eating disorders in females = __% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sociocultural factors for eating disorders |
|
Definition
upper-middle class SES
socially competitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
males concerned about looking small
body building |
|
|
Term
| Mood Disorders + Causes: Biological |
|
Definition
inherited vulnerability
altered neurotransmitters and hormones
sleep deprivation
circadia rhythm is fucked up |
|
|
Term
| Mood Disorders + Causes: social influences |
|
Definition
women and minorities; oppression and social inequality
social support reduces symptoms
lack of social support makes it worse |
|
|
Term
| Mood Disorders + Causes: social influences |
|
Definition
women and minorities; oppression and social inequality
social support reduces symptoms
lack of social support makes it worse |
|
|
Term
| Mood Disorders + Causes: Behavioral influence |
|
Definition
Depression: general slowing down, neglect of responsibilities, irritability
Mania: hyperactivity, reckless behavior |
|
|
Term
| subtypes of eating disorder |
|
Definition
1. binge eating
2. compensatory behavior
3. bulimia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
binge and purge
concern of weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eat excess amount of food
typically "junk food"
eating = uncontrollable; purging is done to compensate |
|
|
Term
| eating disorders: compensatory behaviors |
|
Definition
self-vomit, diuretics, laxatives
some exercise excessively, fasting |
|
|
Term
| treatment of bulimia nervosa (3) |
|
Definition
drug treatment, such as antidepressants
-short term CBT
-Interpersonal therapy |
|
|
Term
| treatment of anorexia nervosa |
|
Definition
hospitalization (at 70% below normal weight)
outpatient treatment to restore weight and correct dysfunctional attitudes
family therapy |
|
|
Term
| __% of US adults are overweight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects, impulse control, attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes influence an individuals number of fat cells, fat storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| advancing technology promotes sedentary lifestyle and consumption of high fat foods |
|
|
Term
| gender identity disorder (GID) |
|
Definition
| psychological dissatisfaction with one's biological sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aroused in context of objects that are abnormal |
|
|
Term
| gender differences in sexuality |
|
Definition
-more men admit that they masturbate
-men express more permissive attitude than women about premarital sex
-females are aroused by more things + both genders, regardless of sexuality |
|
|
Term
| Culural differences of sex |
|
Definition
| in new guinea boys at age 7 are expected to give oral sex to other boys because semen does not come out spontaneously and is sacred |
|
|
Term
| development of sexual orientation |
|
Definition
-genetic
- levels of prenatal hormones
-attraction to toys? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physical gender is not consistent with persons sense of identity
trapped in the body of the wrong sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hermaphrodites
born with ambiguous genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| boys who behave like girls and vice versa |
|
|
Term
| treatment for gender identity disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. gynecomastia: administered hormones to grow breasts |
|
|
Term
| 4 categories of sexual dysfunctions |
|
Definition
1. lifelong: chronic condition, present entire life
2. acquired: sex used to be norml
3. generalized: occur every time they have sex
4. situational: occur with some partners or at certain times |
|
|
Term
| Hypoactive sexual desire disorder |
|
Definition
| little or no interest in any type of sexual activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking about sex or being touched at all caused panic and anxiety |
|
|
Term
| __% of women have orgasmic disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no medical reason can be found for pain during sex |
|
|
Term
| How do we assess sexual behavior? |
|
Definition
1. interviews
2. thorough medical evaluation
3. psychophysiological assessment: asses their ability to become aroused |
|
|
Term
| How do we perform psychophysiological assessment? |
|
Definition
1. penile strain gauge
2. vaginal photoplejhysmograph
measures penis erections + vasocongestion in women |
|
|
Term
| Causes of sexual dysfunction: biological |
|
Definition
neurological diseases like diabetes reduce sensitivity in your junk
chronic illness
medications like SSRIs and antihypersensitive medications reduce arousal
alcohol
drugs like weed and coke |
|
|
Term
| Causes of sexual dysfunction: psychological |
|
Definition
anxiety
negative thought processes
underestimate arousal |
|
|
Term
| Causes of sexual dysfunction: social and cultural contributions |
|
Definition
erectophobia: afraid to get an erection because of past experiences
deterioration in close personal relationships |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of sexual dysfunctions |
|
Definition
1. sexual desire disorders
2. sexual arousal disorders
3. orgasm disorders
4. sexual pain disorders |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of sexual desire disorders |
|
Definition
1. hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2. sexual aversion disorder |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of sexual arousal disorders |
|
Definition
male erectile disorder
female sexual arousal disorder |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of orgasm disorders |
|
Definition
1. inhibited orgasm
2. premature ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of sexual pain disorders |
|
Definition
1. dyspareunia
2. vaginismus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
marked pain associated with intercourse for which there is no medical cause
occurs in males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary muscle spasm in the front of the vagina that prevent or interfere with intercourse |
|
|
Term
| Gender Identity Disorder: biological influences |
|
Definition
-prenatal exposure to hormones
-genetic |
|
|
Term
| Gender Identity Disorder: social influences |
|
Definition
gender identity develops between 15 and 3 years of age
masculine behaviors in girls and fem behaviors in guys evoke different responses in families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pre-existing deficiencies in levels of arousal
-treatment received from adults during childhood
-early sexual fantasies reinforced by masturbation
-strong sex drive and uncontrollable thought processes |
|
|
Term
| 4 treatments for paraphilias |
|
Definition
1. covert sensitization
2. relapse prevention
3. orgasmic reconditioning
4. medical |
|
|
Term
| paraphilias: covert sensitization |
|
Definition
| aversive consequences paired with arousing stimuli so that you dont like it anymore |
|
|
Term
| paraphilias: relapse prevention |
|
Definition
| therapeutic preparation for coping with future situations |
|
|
Term
| paraphilias: orgasmic reconditioning |
|
Definition
| pairing appropriate stimuli with masturbation to create positive arousal patterns |
|
|
Term
| paraphilias: medical treatment |
|
Definition
drugs that reduce testosterone to reduce sexual desire
fantasies and arousals return when drug stops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual attraction to nonliving objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peeping
view unsuspecting people naked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual arousal by wearing opposite sex's clothing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fetishism
2. voyeurism
3. exhibitionism
4. transvestite fetishism
5. sexual sadism
6. sexual masochism
7. pedophilia
8. incest |
|
|
Term
| Stages of human sexual response cycle |
|
Definition
1. desire
2. arousal
3. plateau
4. orgasm
5. resolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning
ex: drinking a cup of coffee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired judgment, mood changes, lowered motor ability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
problematic
disrupts education, job, relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physiologically dependent on drug and requires more and more to achieve drugs effects (tolerance)
adverse effects (withdrawal) when drug is removed |
|
|
Term
| when can drug dependence exist without abuse? |
|
Definition
cancer patients who take morphine for pain
build up tolerance and go through withdrawal when stopped
but do not abuse it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
result in behavioral sedation and relaxation
alcohol, sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs
baribituates and benxodiazepines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause to be more active and alert and can elevate mood
amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produce analgesia temporarily (reduce pain)
heroin, opium, cocaine, morphine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alter sensory perception and can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations
weed and lsd |
|
|
Term
| pyschopharm effects of alochol |
|
Definition
effects GABA
alcohol reinforces movement of chloride ions (decrease effects of GABA) and causes neurons to have difficulty in firing |
|
|
Term
| how is glutamate system affected by alcohol |
|
Definition
glutamate = excitatory, involved in learning and memory
blackouts can occur |
|
|
Term
| What systems does alcohol effect? |
|
Definition
1. GABA
2. Glutamate
3. serotonin |
|
|
Term
| withdrawal delirium (delerium tremens) |
|
Definition
| produces frightening hallucinations and body tremors |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme metabolizes alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. prealcoholic stage (drinking occasionally)
2. prodromal stage: heavy drinking but not noticeable
3. crucial stage: loss of control, occasional binges
4. chronic stage: daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sedative drugs first prescribed to people for sleep
depressants, anxiety-reducing drugs, alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
valium, xanax, rohypnol, halcion
anxiety medication |
|
|
Term
| what are amphetamines used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are amphetamines used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enhance dopamine and norepinephrine
stimulate CNS |
|
|
Term
| 5 steps of addiction to cocaine |
|
Definition
1. drug user inhales cocaine molecules in smoke
2. cocaine enters blood through lungs, goes to rest of body
3. cocaine molecules act in limbic system
4. dopamine release
5. cocaine molecules bind to DA transporter and block the route by which DA reenters the transmitter cell
DA accumates in the synaptic space, creating a "high" |
|
|
Term
| Causes of substance abuse disorders: biological |
|
Definition
genetic predisposition for addiction
drugs act as reinforcer, acting on DA system and limbic system, VTA and nucleus accumbens |
|
|
Term
| Causes of substance abuse disorders: Psychological (5) |
|
Definition
TO USE DRUGS:
1. drug use for pleasure, "good feelings"
2. negative reinforcement: drug use to escape pain
3. feelings of being in control
4. want to avoid withdrawal symptoms
5. other disorders: psych or anxiety or mood |
|
|
Term
| Causes of substance abuse disorders: social influences |
|
Definition
1. exposure to drug through media, family, etc
2. social expectations and cultural norms
3. peers or family support drug use |
|
|
Term
| Biological influences of substance abuse |
|
Definition
1. sensitivity to drug
2. rate of metabolism
3. base levels of arousal (other disorders)
4. disorders of mood and anxiety |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of substance abuse: agonist substitution |
|
Definition
safe drug alterntives
ex: methadone (heroin sub) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of substance abuse: antagonistic treatments |
|
Definition
block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs
ex: naltrexone for opiote use
decrease withdrawal and cravings |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of substance abuse: aversive treatment |
|
Definition
make abusing substance very unpleasant
ex: antabuse for alcohol (accumulation of acetyldehyde)
and silver nitrate for smoking |
|
|
Term
| Psychosocial treatments for alcoholics (4) |
|
Definition
1. inpatient facilities
2. AA meetings
3. controlled drinking strategies
4. relapse preventioj |
|
|
Term
| List 5 types of impulse control problems |
|
Definition
1. intermittent explosive disorder
2. kelptomania
3. pathological gambling
4. trichotillomania
5. pyromania |
|
|
Term
| intermittent explosive disorder: characteristics |
|
Definition
1. acting on aggressive impulses that result in assaults or destruction of property
2. current research is focused on how neurotransmitters and testosterone levels interact with psychosocial influences |
|
|
Term
| intermittent explosive disorder: treatment |
|
Definition
CBT interventions
help person identify and avoid triggers for aggressive outbursts
drug treatments |
|
|
Term
| intermittent explosive disorder: prevalence |
|
Definition
| 3-10% of people in psychiatric facility |
|
|
Term
| Kleptomania: characteristics (3) |
|
Definition
1. recurring failure to resist urges to steal
2. feeling tense just before stealing, followed by feelings of pleasure or relief when committing the theft
3. high comorbidity with mood disorders,and to a lesser degree with substance abuse/dependence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavioral interventions and antidepressants
score high on tests for impulsivity |
|
|
Term
| Pyromania: characteristics |
|
Definition
1. irresistible urge to set fires
2. feeling aroused before set fire, and then feel gratification/relief after fire is set
3. diagnosed in less than 4% of arsonists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CBT
help person identify triggers and teach coping strategies to resist setting fires |
|
|
Term
| Pathological gambling: prevalence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathological gambling: characteristics |
|
Definition
1. preoccupation with gambling
2. need to increase amounts gambled to feel the same amount of excitement
3. withdrawal symptoms of restlessness and irritability when stopping
4. biological component: decreased brain activity in region for impulse cotrol, abnormalities in serotonin and dopamine systems |
|
|
Term
| Pathological gambling: treatment |
|
Definition
gamblers anonymous
similar to substance-abuse treatment |
|
|
Term
| Trichotillomania: characteristics |
|
Definition
1. urge to pull out hair from body
2. try to hide behavior
3. 1-5% of college students |
|
|
Term
| Trichotillomania: treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stress
-genetics
-increased overlap with PTSD |
|
|
Term
| Define: personality disorders |
|
Definition
| patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are inflexible and maladaptive |
|
|
Term
| Personality disorders are located in Axis _ of the DSM |
|
Definition
| Axis II = personality disorders |
|
|
Term
| Cluster A personality Disorders: what kind? |
|
Definition
| Odd or eccentric personality disorders |
|
|
Term
| Cluster A personality Disorders: List disorders |
|
Definition
1. paranoid personlity disorder
2. schizoid pesonality disorder
3. schizotypal personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| Description: paranoid personality disorder |
|
Definition
| distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent |
|
|
Term
| Description: Schizoid personality disorder |
|
Definition
| pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions to others |
|
|
Term
| Description: schizotypal disorders |
|
Definition
| pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with reduced capacity for close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior |
|
|
Term
| List: Cluster B Personality Disorders (4) |
|
Definition
1. Antisocial
2. borderline
3. histrionic
4. narcissistic |
|
|
Term
| Cluster B personality disorders: what kind of disorders? |
|
Definition
| dramatic, emotional, or erratic disorders |
|
|
Term
| List Cluster C personality disorders |
|
Definition
1. Avoidant
2. dependent
3. Obsessive compulsive |
|
|
Term
| Description: antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
| pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others |
|
|
Term
| Description: borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
| pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking |
|
|
Term
| Description: Narcissistic personality disorder |
|
Definition
| pattern of gradiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy |
|
|
Term
| Description: Avoidant personality disorder |
|
Definition
| pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation |
|
|
Term
| Description: dependent personality disorder |
|
Definition
| pattern and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation |
|
|
Term
| Description: Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder |
|
Definition
| pattern of preoccupation with orderlines, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 dimensional models of personality? list them |
|
Definition
1. five-factor model
2. western and shedler model |
|
|
Term
| Five-Factor Model of personality: what dimensions? |
|
Definition
1. agreableness
2. Neuroticism
3. extroversion
4. openness to experience
5. conscientiousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proneness to psychological distress and impulse behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to join in social situations and feel joy and optimism |
|
|
Term
| Define: openness to experience |
|
Definition
| curiosity, receptivity to new ideas, and emotional expressiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend to which someone shows both compassion and hostility to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degree of organization and commitment to personal goals |
|
|
Term
| List dimensions on Westen and Shedler Model of personality (12) |
|
Definition
1. psychological health
2. psychopathy
3. hostility
4. narcissism
5. emotional dysregulation
6. dysphoria
7. schizoid orientation
8. obsessionality
9. thought disorder
10. oedipal conflict
11. dissociated consciousness
12. sexual conflict |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: psychological health |
|
Definition
| ability to love others, fine meaning in life,and gain personal insights |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: psychological health |
|
Definition
| ability to love others, fine meaning in life,and gain personal insights |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: psychopathy |
|
Definition
lack of remorse
impulsiveness
tendency to abuse drugs |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: hostiity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: narcissism |
|
Definition
self-importance
grandiose assumptions about oneself
tendency to treat others as a source of admiration |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: emotionl dysregulation |
|
Definition
| intense and uncontrolled emotional reactions |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: Dysphoria |
|
Definition
| depression, shame, humiliation, and lack of pleasure |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: schizoid orientation |
|
Definition
contricted emotions
inability to iuderstand abstract concepts such as metaphors
few friends |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: obsessionality |
|
Definition
aborsption in details
stingy
fear of dirt or contamination |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: thought disorder |
|
Definition
| believing one has magical powers over others or can directly read their minds |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: oedipal conflict |
|
Definition
| adult pursuit of romantic partners who are already involved with others, inappropriate seductiveness, and intense sexual jealousy |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: Dissociated consciousness |
|
Definition
| fragmenting of thought and perception often related to past sexual abuse |
|
|
Term
| Westen and shedler model of personality: sexual conflict |
|
Definition
| anxieties and fears regarding sexual intimacy |
|
|
Term
| __% of people with borderline personality disorder are females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder: Biological Causes |
|
Definition
| -biological link with schizophrenia, genetic? |
|
|
Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder: Psychological influences |
|
Definition
1. thoughts that people are malicious, deceptive, or threatening
2. behavior based on mistaken assumptions about others |
|
|
Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder:Social |
|
Definition
parents' early teaching
early childhood mistreatment or abuse
prisoners with unique experiences,people with disabilities, elderly |
|
|
Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder: Treatment |
|
Definition
difficult to treat them because they do not trust people
CBT to counter the persons miconceptions about others and danger
only 11% of people with this disorder actually continue therapy long enough for it to work |
|
|
Term
| Schizoid personality disorder: What is it? |
|
Definition
detachment from social relationships
limited range of emotions
aloof and cold |
|
|
Term
| Schizoid personality disorder: Biological influences |
|
Definition
| Low density of DA receptors |
|
|
Term
| Schizoid personality disorder: Psychological influences |
|
Definition
very limited range of emotions
cold and unconnected
unaffected by praise and cricism |
|
|
Term
| Schizoid personality disorder: social influences |
|
Definition
1. preference for social isolation
2. lackof social skills
3. lack of interest in relationships of any kind
4. childhood shyness
5. unable to find social network |
|
|
Term
| Schizoid personality disorder: Treatments |
|
Definition
-learn value of social relationships
-social skills learning with roleplaying |
|
|
Term
| Schizotypal personality disorder: Biological causes |
|
Definition
1. genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia but do not show disorder unless the right environmental stressors are present
2. exposure to influenza during pregnancy
3. loss in memory and learning abilities, damage in left hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| Schizotypal personality disorder: Psychological influences |
|
Definition
1. unusual beliefs, behavior, or dress
2. suspicious
3. believing insignificant events are relevant
4. symptoms of major depressive disorder
5. express little emotion |
|
|
Term
| Schizotypal personality disorder: Cultural influences |
|
Definition
-preference for social isolation
-excessive social anxiety
-lack of social skills |
|
|
Term
| Schizotypal personality disorder: __ to __ % of people with this disorder meet criteria for major depressive disoder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schizotypal personality disorder: treatment |
|
Definition
teach social skills to reduce isolation and suspicion
give haloperidol to reduce isolation |
|
|
Term
| Antisocial personality disorder: biological influences |
|
Definition
1. GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: genetic vulnerability combines with environmental influences; development of criminal activity is relating to environment (ex: exposed to chronic stress growing up)
2. abnormally low cortical arousal; seek stimulation to boost low levels of arousal because doing normal activities do not arousal them
3. high fear threshold; things that frighten most people do not scare them |
|
|
Term
| Antisocial personality disorder: Psychological causes |
|
Definition
1. difficulty in learning to avoid punishment
2. indifferent to concern of others |
|
|
Term
| Antisocial personality disorder: social influences |
|
Definition
1. criminality
2. stress/trauma
3. inconsistent parental discipline
4. SES disadvantage |
|
|
Term
| most common personality disorder |
|
Definition
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
|
|
Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder: Biological influences |
|
Definition
1. familial link to mood disorders
2. possibly inherited tendencies for impulsiveness and volatility
3. mutation of serotonin transporter gene |
|
|
Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder: psychological influences |
|
Definition
1. suicidal
2. erratic moods
3. impulsivity |
|
|
Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder: social influences |
|
Definition
1. early trauma, sexual or physical abuse
2. rapid cultural changes such as immigration (problems with identity, abandonment,anxiety) |
|
|
Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder: Treatment |
|
Definition
1. dialectical behavior therapy
2. medications |
|
|
Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder: medication |
|
Definition
tricyclic antidepressants
minor tranquillizers
lithium |
|
|
Term
| Dialectical behaviot therapy (DBT) |
|
Definition
involves helping people cope with stressors that trigger suicidal behavior
behaviors that result in self-harm, interfere with therapy, and interfere with quality of life |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic personality disorder: symptoms? |
|
Definition
1. inclined to express emotion in exaggerated fashion
2. vain and self-centered
3. uncomfortable when not center of attention
4. seductive in appearance and behavior
5. become upset when others do not attend to their needs or praise them
6. need reassurance and approval constantly
7. exaggerated speach
8. view situations as either black or white |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic personality disorder: Biological causes |
|
Definition
| possible link to antisocial disorder (women histrionic and men antisocial) |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic personality disorder: Psychological influences |
|
Definition
-vain and self-centered
-easily upset if ignored
-vague and exaggerating
-impulsive
-instant gratification |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic personality disorder: Social |
|
Definition
overly dramatic behavior attracts attention
seductive
approval-seeking |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic personality disorder: Treatment |
|
Definition
rewards and fines
focus on interpersonal relations |
|
|
Term
| Narcissistic personality disorder: symptoms |
|
Definition
so preoccupied with selves that they have no compassion for other people
are not comfortable unless somebody is admiring them
fantasies of greatness
envious and arrogant when confronted with people more successful than them |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic personality disorder: Social Causes |
|
Definition
| parents' failure to model empathy during child's life |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic personality disorder: Treatment |
|
Definition
relaxation techniques
cognitive therapy replaces fantasies with focus to present
help them focus on feelings of others |
|
|
Term
| Avoidant Personality Disorder:social causes |
|
Definition
innate characteristics may cause rejection from parents
agreement for the sakeof avoiding conflict
withdraw from people |
|
|
Term
| Avoidant Personality Disorder: Psychological influences |
|
Definition
-early loss of care-taker
fear of abandonment
timidity andpassivity |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Persoality Disorder: biological influences |
|
Definition
1. distant relation to OCD
2. probable weak genetic role |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Persoality Disorder: psychological influences |
|
Definition
1. generally rigid
2. dependent on routines
3. procrastinating |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Persoality Disorder: Social causes |
|
Definition
work-oriented
poor interpersonl relationships |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: biological influences |
|
Definition
1. inherited tendency (multiple genes) to develop disease
2. prenatal and birth complications (viral infection during pregnancy or birth injury affect childs brain cells)
3. brain chemistry (abnormalities in the DA and glutamate systems(
4. brain structure (enlarged ventricles) |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: trigger for biological/genetic predisposition |
|
Definition
1. stressful, traumatic life event
2. high expressed emotion (family cricism, hostility, and intrusion)
3. sometimes no obvious trigger |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: Cultural influences |
|
Definition
culture influences interpretation of disease and symptoms
hallucinations and delusions |
|
|
Term
| 1 out of __ people will have schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 symptoms of schizophreni |
|
Definition
1. catatonia
2. hebephrenia
3. paranoia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternating immobility and excessive agitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| silly and immature emotionality |
|
|
Term
| List 5 types of Symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
1. delusions
2. hallucinations
3. disorganized speech
4. behavioral problems
5. withdrawal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. may be unrealistic and bizzare beliefs not shared by others in culture
2. delusions of grandeur or persecution |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: hallucinations |
|
Definition
1. sensory events that aren't based on any external event (hearing voices, seeing people who have died)
2. many have auditory hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: disorganized speech |
|
Definition
1. jumping from topic to topic
2. talking illogically (not answering direct questions, going off on tangents)
3. speaking in unintelligible words and sentences |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: Behavioral problems |
|
Definition
-pacing
-agitation
-catatonic immonbility
-keeping body parts in same position when they are moved by somebody else
-inappropriate dress
-inappropriate affect
-ignoring personal hygiene |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: Withdrawal |
|
Definition
lack of emotional response (flat speech, little hange in facial expressions)
apathy (little interest in day-to-day activities)
delayed and brief responses in conversation
loss of enjoyment in pleasurable activies (eating, sex, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. paranoid
2. disorganized
3. catatonic
4. residual
5. undifferentiated |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of: Paranoid schizophrenia |
|
Definition
1. delusions of grandeur
2. hallucinations (especially auditory)
3. higher level of functioning between episodes
4. may have stronger familial link than other types |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of: disorganized schizophrenia |
|
Definition
1. disorganized speech and behavior
2. immature emotionality, inappropriate affect
3. chronic and lacking in remissions |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of: Catatonic schizophrenia |
|
Definition
1. alternating immobility and excited agitation
2. unusual motor responses
3. odd facial or body mannerisms
4. rare |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of: Residual schizophrenia |
|
Definition
1. has had at least one schizophrenic episode but no longer shows major symptoms
2. still shows "leftover" symptoms (social withdrawal, bizarre thoughts, flat affect, inativity) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of: Undifferentiated schizophrenia |
|
Definition
1. symptoms of severeal types
does not fall neatly into one category |
|
|
Term
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia: behavior |
|
Definition
1. active manigestations of abnormal behavior
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, odd body movements, catatonia |
|
|
Term
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: behavior |
|
Definition
flat affect (lack of emotional expression)
avolition *lack of initiative, apathy)
alogia (relative absense in amount or content of speech) |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: emotional and cognitive influences |
|
Definition
| interaction styles that are high in cricism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement can trigger a relapse |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: List types of treatment |
|
Definition
1. individual, group and family therapy
2. social skills training
3. medications |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: Medication |
|
Definition
1. neuroleptic medications help to clarify thinking and perceptions of reality, reduce hallucinations and delusions
drug treatment must be consistent. |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: Social skills training |
|
Definition
can occur in hospital or community settings
teaches person social, self-care and vocational skills |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia: family,group, and individual therapies |
|
Definition
1. can help patient and family understand the disease and symptom triggers
2. teaches families communication skills
3. provides resources for dealing with emotional and practical challenges |
|
|
